Chapter 7,8 and 9 Flashcards
Flat bone
Ex
Cranial bones
-protect soft organs
Long bones
Levers acted upon by muscles
Ex
Limbs
Short bones
Glide across each other in multiple directions
Ex
Carpal and tarsals
Irregular bones
Dont fit categories
Ex
Vertebrae
What are the four bone shapes?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Structure of long bone
Compact bone
Enclosed medullary cavity (marrow)
Spongy (cancellous) bone at the ends
Periosteum-outer layer made of collagen and inner osteogenic tissue
Diaphysis
Shaft
Epiphysis
Heads
Structure of flat bone
Layer of cancellous bone between two layers of compact bone
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Mineralize organic matter of matrix
Osteocytes
Bone depositing
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited
Reside in lecunae connected by slendor channels called canaliculi
Osteoclasts
Bone dissolving cells the eat holes from bone surface
Compact bone
Haversian system
Basic structural unit of compact bone.
(Osteons) cylinders that form layers of lamellae around osteonic canal
Volkmann canals
Perforating canals. Vascular perpendicularly joining central canals
Spongy bone
Formed of plates of bone called trabecular. Spaces filled with red marrow.
Few osteons
Develope along lines of stress
Red bone marrow
In long and spongy bone
Produce blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Fatty marrow of long bones in adults
Inramembranous ossification
Condensation of mesenchyme into trabeculae
Osteoblast on trabeculae lay down osteoid tissue (uncalcified bone)
Calcium phosphate is deposited in the matrix forming bony trabeculae of spongy bone
Osteoclast create marrow cavity
Osteoblast form compact bone at surface
Surface of mesenchyme produces periosteum
Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
Endochondral ossification
Bone develops from Hyaline cartilage
Formation of primary ossification center of the marrow cavity and shaft of model
Bony collar developed by osteoblast
Chondrocytes swell and die
Stem cells give rise to osteoblasts and clasts
Become lay down and marrow cavity created
Secondary forms in ends of bones by same process
Five zones of cartilage
Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of cell proliferation Zone of cell hypertrophy Zone of Calcification Zone of bone deposition
Zone of reserve cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Zone of proliferation
Chondrocytes multiply forming columns of flat lacunae
Zone of hypertropy
Cell enlargement
Zone of calcificaction
Mineralization of matrix
Zone of bone deposition
Osteons formed and spongy bone created
Why are calcium and phosphate so important?
Phosphate is component of dna, rna, atp, phospholipids, and ph buffers
Calcium needed in neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis
Hypocalcemia
Causes excitability of nervous system if too low (tetany)
Muscle spasms, tremors
Laryngospasm and suffocation
With less calcium sodium channels open more easily sodium enter cell and excites neuron
Hypercalcemia
Binding to cell surface make sodium channels less likely to open depressing nervous system
Calcitriol
A hormone that raises blood calcium concentration
Calcitonin
Used during Hypercalcemia
Secreted by the thyroid gland
Reduces osteoclast activity
Increases the activity of osteoblast
Parathyroid hormone
Use during hypocalcemia
Increases osteoclast
Promotes calcium resorption of by the kidneys
Promotes calcitriol synthesis in kidneys
Inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblast
Diplaced
One piece is shifted out of alignment with the other
Greenstick
Bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on opposite side
Comminuted
Bone is broken into three or more pieces
Linear
Crack vertically
Transverse
Horizontal crack bone remains in alignment
Oblique
Nondisplaced cracked slanted sideways
Spiral
Cork screw twist
Colles
Fracture in the radius of the forearm
Poll
Ankle fracture
Stages of healing fracture
Formation of hematoma and granulation tissue
Formation of soft Callus
Conversion to hard Callus
Remodeling
Formation of hematoma granulation tissue
Clot forms then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue
Formation of soft callus
Fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage
Conversion to hard callus
Osteoblast produce a bony collar in six weeks
Remodeling
Spongy bone replaced by compact bone
Osteoporosis
Decrease in bone density. Older white women are most susceptible
3 types of joints
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
Synarthrosis
Collagen fibers spend the space between
Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses
Cartilaginous joint
Amphiarthrosis
Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
Rib attachment to sternum
Bony
Synostosis
Gap between two bones ossifies
Anthrology
Study of the joints
Kinesiololgy
Study of the Musculoskeletal movement
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
Synarthrosis
Little or no movement
Synovial joint
Diarthrosis
Joint which two bones are separated by space called a joint cavity
Articular capsule encloses joint cavity (hyaline cartilage)
Range of motion
Flexibility- degrees through which the joint can move
Determined by
Structure of articular surfaces of bones
Strengthen tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
Action of muscles and tendons
Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket Condylar (ellipsoid) Saddle Plane (gliding) Hinge Pivot
Flexion
Sagittal movement
Curling bicep
Extension
Pointing hand outward
Hyperextension
Beyond zero position
Abduction
Movement in frontal plane
Jumping jacks
Adduction
Moving back from abduction
Hyperadducted
Ankles or fingers crossed
Hyperabduct
Arm raised crossed back of head
Elevation
Raises part of the body vertically in the frontal plane
Depression
Lowers part of the body vertically in the frontal plane
Protraction
Movements in the transverse horizontal plane
Rotation
Bone spends on longitudinal line
Retraction
Shoulders back
Circumduction
One end of the appendage remains fairly stationary while the other and makes a circular motion
Medial internal rotation
The shoulder stretch thing inward
Lateral X ternal rotation
Shoulder stretch thing outward
Supination
Turns out Ward
Pronation
Turns inward
Lateral flexion
Tilting to the side
Right rotation of left
Turning body
