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Ex Phys > Chapter 7,8,9,18 > Flashcards

Chapter 7,8,9,18 Flashcards

1
Q

how does lactate threshold differ in trained vs untrained

A

untrained at 55% Vo2max

trained at higher %

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2
Q

what are the two substances pyruvate can go to

A

lactate (w/lactate dehydrogenase) and acetyl coa (w/pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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3
Q

what is the definition of lactate threshold ?

A

% Vo2max when blood lactate starts accumulating

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4
Q

what will pyruvate become at 25, 55, and >55% VO2 max ?

A

at 25%, most pyruvate goes to Acetyl CoA
sufficient O2 to do this work
at 55%, increasing carb consumption, more pyruvate being formed, more of it goes to lactate
at >55% lactic acid accumulation, going to different organs but also a larger percentage of acetyl coA

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5
Q

what is the traditional explanation of blood lactate accumulation ?

A

relative tissue hypoxia. with imbalance between hydrogen release (from NADH) and oxidation, the hydrogens will instead bind to pyruvate to become lactate

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6
Q

where does lactate go at rest or in moderate exercise ?

A

oxidizes, converts to glucose, or synthesizes to amino acids (no net lactate accumulation)

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7
Q

list three factors that contribute to a higher lactate threshold

A

genes (fiber type, blood flow)
local training adaptations that favor less lactate production
greater rate of lactate removal

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8
Q

list 5 training adaptations in aerobic exercise

A

increase in mito size and number
increase in protein synthesis (for oxidative enzymes)
increase in effectiveness of these proteins, which yields more H+ and therefore more ATP
less lactic acid buildup due to better lactic acid removal
increased capillary density

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9
Q

why does it take time to reach steady state VO2 ?

A

time constraint for cells to use O2 being delivered.

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10
Q

how do untrained vs trained differ in reaching steady state Vo2 ?

A

trained reach it faster

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11
Q

what does the steady state represent ?

A

plateau in O2 consumption curve (balance between energy required and ATP produce)
no lactate accumulation during steady state.

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12
Q

what is oxygen deficit ?

A

the area from 0 to steady state
trained has smaller deficit than untrained

basically difference between total O2 consumption and the O2 that would have been consumed if we had SS all along.

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13
Q

what are the two factors that good endurance performance depends on ?

A

ability to deliver O2 and ability to use O2

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14
Q

what happens after you’ve reached Vo2 max and you keep going ?

A

using up any glycogen left for 15-20s

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15
Q

how does O2 consumption increase with each steady state “hill” ?

A

at first it augments rapidly, but then as you increase, it will barely increase, that’s when you know the max is near

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16
Q

what are the 5 factors that need to be integrated for a good oxygen system ?

A

aerobic metabolism, pulmonary ventilation, hemoglobin concentration, blood volume and cardiac function, peripheral muscle and blood flow.

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17
Q

how does pulmonary ventilation affect the oxygen system.

A

Va/Q ratio = alveolar ventilation / pulmonary blood flow

should be 0.8
low capability of Va = low ability to reach an elevated Vo2

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18
Q

is a Va/Q of 0.8 always good ?

A

nope. sometimes the ratio is ok but the numerator and denominator are both very low (like in cardiac + pulmonary disease)

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19
Q

what is the Fick equation ? what does it imply ?

A

Vo2= Q x (a-v O2 difference)max

Q= cardiac output (HRmax x SVmax)

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20
Q

what is normal and max stroke volume? what does it depend on ?

A

normal 60-70 ml/beat
max 120-140 ml/beat

depends on left ventricle contraction

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21
Q

how does blood hemoglobin concentration affect oxygen use and transport

A

better capacity to transport O2 to tissues

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22
Q

what are the norms for Hb

A

women 13-15 g Hb/100 ml blood

men 15-17 g Hb/100 ml blood

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23
Q

what 2 illnesses cause low Hb

A

anemia (women 12, men 14)
multiple myeloma 8-10g Hb / 100 ml blood
lead to fatigue

24
Q

what will happen with high Hb

A

polycythemia
17-20 g Hb/100 ml blood

when body is under high stress eg high altitude, increased blood viscosity

25
Q

where can pyruvate get converted to glycogen ?

A

ONLY IN THE LIVER FOR THE LOVE OF KANYE

26
Q

what tissues take up lactate

A

ALLLLLL OF THEM

27
Q

what is EPOC

A

excess post exercise oxygen consumption

28
Q

in mild aerobic activity, how much time does complete recovery take ?

A

2-4 min (fast component)

29
Q

in moderate to heavy activity, what are the two components in EPOC ?

A

fast

and slow

30
Q

what are the three factors contributing to the slow component in EPOC ?

A
  • thermic effect (temperature elevation, increased metabolic effect)
  • hormone levels (E, NE) go to baseline after 30-40
  • lactate removal
31
Q

how fast O2 levels go to normal depends on two things what are they ?

A

intensity and duration of exercise.

32
Q

how long can recovery O2 consumption last for (due to the slow component) in EPOC in supramaximal exercise ?

A

1hr

33
Q

what 7 factors that contribute to EPOC ?

A

1- resynthesizing ATP and PCr (payback to exercising muscles)
2- resynthesizing lactate to glycogen to restore levels
3- oxidizing the rest of the lactate
4- restoring O2 and myoglobin to blood
5- restore thermogenic effect
6- restore catecholamine levels
7- restore physiologic functions like HR

34
Q

what kind of recovery is best to restore blood lactate concentration to normal during EPOC ?

A

active recovery at 35-65% Vo2max

any higher and you’ll be producing more lactate, so there’s just going to be more to get rid of

35
Q

how do you find carb RQ ?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H20

6 CO2/6 O2= 1.00

36
Q

how do you find fat RQ (eg palmitic acid)?

A

C16H32O2 + 23 O2 –> 16 CO2 +16 H2O

16 Co2/23 O2 = 0.7

37
Q

what is the approximate RQ for protein ?

A

0.82

38
Q

at rest what is the approximate ml/ min of O2 and CO2 ?

A

215 ml/min LCO2 and 250 ml/min L O2

RQ= 0.86

39
Q

how is RQ different from RER ?

A

RER is used when the ratio is bigger than 1 because the CO2 produced is higher than what metabolism is producing. (eg in hyperventilation).

40
Q

explain where and how, in intense exercise or respiratory maneuvers, more CO2 appears

A

H-lactate + NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) –> NaLa + H2CO3

H2CO3 is carbonic acid, a strong acid that goes to the pulmonary capillaries in the blood and in a special reaction that can occur only there H2CO3–> H2O + CO2 w/ the help of carbonic hydroxylase

41
Q

5 factors that affect total energy expenditure

A 
1 physical activity
2 diet induced thermogenesis
3 calorigenic effect of food on metabolism
4 climate
5 pregnancy
42
Q

to measure basal metabolic rate, what would we have to do ?

A

lights off
no falling asleep
no moving
1 hr

43
Q

is resting metabolic rate a relative value ?

A

yessssssssssssss

44
Q

what is bigger BMR or RMR

A

ALLLLWAYS BMR

45
Q

what is 1 MET

A

3.5 ml O2 /kg*min

or 5 kcal/ L O2

46
Q

what are the two organs that consume the most oxygen

A

liver and brain

47
Q

what is diet induced thermogenesis

A

results energy required to digest and stuff + energy from SNS activation and stimulation

48
Q

does physical activity increase diet induced thermogenesis

A

YES

49
Q

how does climate affect total daily energy expenditure ?

A

RMR higher in tropical than in cold countries

50
Q

how does pregnancy affect total daily energy expenditure ?

A

added energy cost from walking etc due to additional weight transported.

51
Q

what is avg kcal expenditure for men and women

A

man 2900

woman 2200

52
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers

A

type II

  • high capacity for transmission of AP
  • high myosin ATPase activity
  • rapid Ca2+ release and uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • high rate of crossbridge turnover
53
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers

A
  • low myosin ATPase activity
  • slow calcium handling ability
  • not as good glycolytic pathway
  • large and numerous mitochondria
54
Q

what is PGC-1alpha responsible for ?

A

promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and hepatic gluconeogenesis. therefore if it’s activated in genes there will be an increased proportion of type I muscle fibers

55
Q

what does a skeletal muscle fiber consist of ?

A

75% water
20% protein
the rest is stuff

56
Q

a muscle’s hydrogen consumption increases up to … times in exercise

A

70

57
Q

explain how a muscle biopsy will identify type I and II fibers

A

take biopsy of vastus lateralis muscle
from there, stain with different pH
pH 4 will show type II fibers due to myosin-ATPase activity
pH 10 will show type I fibers

Ex Phys (13 decks)

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