Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ex Phys > Bergdahl- Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Bergdahl- Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the ducts of the endocrine system

A

no ducts ! they secrete substances directly into extracellular spaces around the gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a half-life ?

A

time required to reduce a hormone’s blood concentration by a half, and gives an indication on how long its effect persists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how are steroid hormones different from amine and peptide hormones ?

A

they’re not soluble in blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 4 ways that a hormone can specifically target a cell ?

A

1) modify rate of intracellular protein synthesis by stimulating nuclear DNA
2) change rate of enzyme activity
3) alter plasma membrane transport with a second-messenger system
4) induce secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the first step in initiating hormone action ?

A

hormone-receptor binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the three things that a target cell’s activation by a hormone depends on ?

A

1) hormone concentration in blood
2) number of target cell receptors for hormone
3) sensitivity or strength of union between hormone and receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are 3 ways that a hormone can increase enzyme activity ?

A

1) stimulate its production
2) combine with it to alter its shape and ability to act, increasing or decreasing its catalytic effectiveness
3) activating inactive enzyme forms, therefore increasing total amount of active enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are 4 factors that determine plasma concentration of a hormone ?

A

1) quantity synthesized in host gland
2) rate of catabolism or secretion in blood
3) quantity of transport proteins present
4) plasma volume changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does “secreted amount” mean ?

A

the plasma concentration of a hormone
the sum of hormone synthesis and release by host gland, in addition to uptake by tissues and removal by liver and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

can changes in plasma volume alter hormone concentration ?

A

yeah, independent of the host organ’s secretion rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is hormonal stimulation ?

A

hormones influencing secretion of other hormones (eg ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is humoral stimulation ?

A

changing levels of ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release (ADH, insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is neural stimulation ?

A

neural activity affects hormonal release (catecholamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does a mean concentration of a hormone at a given time indicate ?

A

not much. the half-life and the pattern of release is much more significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what controls the 6 releasing factors (hypothalamic hormones) ?

A

neural input to the hypothalamus from anxiety, stress, physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is growth hormone’s main mission ?

A

to promote cell division and cellular proliferation throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in adults, what are the 3 ways that GH promotes protein synthesis ?

A

1) increase aa transport through membrane
2) stimulate RNA formation
3) activate ribosomes that increase protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what energy sources does GH promote or inhibit?

A

less protein and carbs, more fat utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does training affect GH?

A

extends GH’s action on target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what mediates GH’s effects ?

A

Insulin-like Growth Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is thyrotropin’s main role ?

A

thyrotropin = thyroid-stimulating hormone

controls hormone secretion by thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is adenocorticotropic hormone’s main use ?

A

acts directly to enhance fatty acid mobilization and stimulate protein catabolism and increase gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the two hormones that mediate ACTH release ?

A

vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is prolactin’s main role ?

A

initiates and supports milk secretion from mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do prolactin levels change in exercise ?

A

increase at high intensities and return to baseline within 45 min during recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how is prolactin involved in training adaptations ?

A

exercise-induced release may inhibit ovarian function and contribute to menstrual cycle alterations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the main role of gonadotropic hormones ? what are they called ?

A

stimulate male and female sex organs to grow and secrete hormones at faster rate

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the two posterior pituitary hormones ?

A

ADH and oxytocin

29
Q

what is the main role of ADH

A

anti-diuretic duh

30
Q

what happens to ADH during physical activity ?

A

stimulus for secretion in order to help conserve body fluids

31
Q

what does T4 do ?

A

raises metabolism of all cells except brain, spleen, sex, and thyroid gland

32
Q

what does T3 do ?

A

facilitates neural reflex activity

33
Q

how do thyroid hormones influence BP ?

A

by provoking an increase in adrenergic receptors in blood vessels

34
Q

what are 4 effects of hyperthyroidism ?

A

1) increased VO2 and metabolic heat production at rest
2) increased protein catabolism
3) heightened reflex ability- irritability, insomnia
4) rapid HR

35
Q

what are 4 effects of hypothyroidism ?

A

1) reduced metabolic rate
2) decreased protein synthesis
3) depressed reflex- sluggishness
4) slow HR

36
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do ?

A

control blood calcium balance

decrease in calcium triggers PTH release

37
Q

what hormones come out of the adrenal cortex ?

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoid, and androgens

38
Q

what does aldosterone do ?

A

a mineralocorticoid, regulates minerals like Na+ concentration, stimulates ion reabsorption

39
Q

what does cortisol do ?

A

a glucocorticoid, promotes breakdown of energy sources

40
Q

what are distinctly male and female hormones ?

A

none

41
Q

what are the two hormones from the pancreas and where are they secreted ?

A

alpha cells: glucagon

beta cells: insulin

42
Q

is pancreas endocrine or exocrine ?

A

both. islets are endocrine, acini are exocrine

43
Q

how is GLUT 1 different from GLUT 4 in glucose transport ?

A

GLUT 1 moves glucose based on concentration difference

GLUT4 requires insulin to undergo a conformational change and transport glucose

44
Q

what directly controls insulin secretion ?

A

blood glucose levels in pancreas

45
Q

why does no excessive insulin release occur with a concentrated glucose feeding during physical activity ?

A

less blood flow to the pancreas since it’s not a crucial organ

46
Q

what does glucagon do ?

A

“insulin antagonist”

stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and increases lipid use too.

47
Q

does exercise training enhance GH secretion and conserve glycogen reserve ?

A

not really

48
Q

how is blood GH different in trained individuals ?

A

endurance-trained people have less of a rise in blood GH levels because there is less exercise stress

49
Q

how are women’s GH levels different from men’s in exercise ?

A

they’re the same

women’s are higher at rest

50
Q

how does training affect ACTH release ? how does this change the metabolism ?

A

increases release

therefore increases fat catabolism and spares glycogen

51
Q

how do prolactin levels differ in trained individuals ?

A

at rest, they’re lower in male runners than in sedentary nonrunners

52
Q

how does reproductive response vary with physical activity level ?

A

exercise depresses reproductive hormone response
lower testosterone levels for example
lower FSH and LH in women

53
Q

what is the difference in LH and FSH levels between trained and untrained men ?

A

there is none

there’s only lower levels in trained women

54
Q

how does exercise impact aldosterone levels ?

A

it doesn’t

55
Q

how does exercise impact cortisol levels ?

A

levels increase less in trained people

56
Q

when can adrenal gland enlargement occur ?

A

with repeated bouts of intense exercise training

57
Q

how does catecholamine activity differ in trained individuals ?

A

in general there is a reduction in HR and BP, so lower levels
HOWEVER, relatively, there is a higher response that occurs following aerobic training

58
Q

if there is a greater catecholamine output at the same relative exercise intensity following training, what 3 factors could explain the greater SNS activation ?

A

1) greater demand for substrate use
2) increased overall cardiovascular response
3) larger muscle mass activation

59
Q

how does glucagon and insulin concentration vary with training status ?

A

with time, trained have less and requires less

60
Q

what are 3 ways that exercise can improve insulin action ?

A

1) translocation of GLUT 4 from endoplasmic reticulium to cell surface
2) increase in total quantity of GLUT 4
3) increase in glycogen synthase activity and therefore storage

61
Q

what tissue consumes the major amount of glucose transported in blood ?

A

skeletal muscle

62
Q

how does intense exercise improve long term glycemic control ?

A

a bout decreases plasma glucose for a long time
the immediate effects increase the active muscles’ insulin sensitivity, which causes long-term improvement in glycemic contol

63
Q

what are the two primary hormones that affect adaptations to resistance training ?

A

GH and testosterone

64
Q

what are 3 hormonal factors responsible for exercise induced changes in muscle size and function ?

A

1) changes in hepatic and extrahepatic hormone clearance rates
2) differential rates of hormone secretion
3) altered receptor site activation via neurohumoral control

65
Q

what are short term effects of moderate and maximal exercise on the immune system ?

A

MODERATE: boosts natural immune function up to several hours

EXHAUSTIVE: severely depresses the body’s first line of defense due to strenuous exertion

66
Q

what are long term effects of aerobic exercise on immune system ?

A

positively affects natural immune function during weight loss

67
Q

what 2 areas of improvement of immune system in long-term aerobic exercise ?

A

1) enhanced functional capacity of natural cytotoxic immune mechanisms
2) diminished age-related decrease in T-cell function

68
Q

how does resistance training long term affect immune system ?

A

doesn’t affect natural cytotoxic immune mechanisms

Ex Phys (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions