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Ex Phys > Bergdahl- Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Bergdahl- Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the relationship between velocity of blood, blood flow, and cross sectional area ? what does this imply ?

A

velocity of blood= blood flow / CSA
meaning that it’s faster in the aorta than in the capillaries because the capillaries have a huge CSA. This means there is more time for gas exchange in the capillaries, which is what we want

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2
Q

what is blood flow

A

Blood flow is the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time

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3
Q

what is mean arterial pressure ? how is it calculated ?

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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4
Q

what is pulse pressure ? how is it calculated ?

A

Pulse pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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5
Q

what is resistance ?

A

Resistance is the impediment to blood flow in a vessel.

Measure of amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (systemic) circulation

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6
Q

what is conductance ? how is it calculated ?

A

Conductance is a measure of the blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference.
Conductance = 1/Resistance

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7
Q

what is compliance ? how is it calculated ?

A

change in volume / change in pressure

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8
Q

how is cardiac output calculated ?

A

CO= HR x SV

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9
Q

how is (arterial) blood pressure calculated ?

A

BP= CO x TPR

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10
Q

what is total peripheral resistance ?

A

same as resistance

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11
Q

at what level does respiration occur (and not ventilation)

A

at the alveolar level. before that- pulmonary ventilation

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12
Q

what is external respiration

A

the gas exchange between lungs and blood

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13
Q

what is internal respiration

A

the gas exchange at cellular level

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14
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy

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15
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation ?

A

process of moving and exchanging ambient air with lung air

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16
Q

between what two anatomical structures is the air filtered and humidified in pulmonary ventilation ?

A

between nose and mouth and bronchi (so in trachea and other dead spaces)

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17
Q

what are the pecularities of size and weight of lungs

A

they weigh 1 kg and have a volume of 4-6 L, meaning they are large in space but not in mass (lung tissue is only 10% solid)

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18
Q

what is gas transport due to ?

A

concentration gradients

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19
Q

what is the number of alveoli we have in our bodies ? how does this number change ?

A

600 million

number grows, then plateau, then decrease

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20
Q

what do pore of Kohn within alveoli do?

A

disperse surfactant to reduce surface tension

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21
Q

what is surface tension ?

A

for a given volume, reducing the surface area as much as possible to enhance the “tightness” between water molecules

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22
Q

what does surfactant do ?

A

decreases surface tension

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23
Q

what does surfactant contain ?

A

lipoprotein mixture of phosholipids, proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells

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24
Q

the ventilatory system is divided in two parts, what are they ?

A
  • conducting zones (anatomical dead space) trachea and terminal bronchioles
  • transitional and respiratory zones: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
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25
Q

what are the functions of conducting zones ? (6)

A

air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization, immunoglobulin secretion

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26
Q

what are the functions of transitional/respiratory zones ? (5)

A

gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation/inactivation, blood clotting regulation, endocrine function

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27
Q

what temperature will alveolar air be ?

A

the same in any weather condition due to warming in conducting zones

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28
Q

at what zone/ generation of bronchi does human lung tissue become a respiratory zone ? what happens to the CSA ?

A

16 to 17

CSA dramatically increases

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29
Q

what is Fick’s law of diffusion ?

A

A gas diffusing through a tissue will have a rate

1) directly proportional to the tissue area, a diffusion constant, and the pressure differential of gas on each side of membrane
2) inversely proportional to tissue thickness

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30
Q

what does elasticity depend on ?

A

resistance

31
Q

Q= F = change in P / R

A

formula for flow / cardiac output

32
Q

what is Boyle’s law ?

A

P1V1= P2V2 (pressure of gas inversely related to volume if temperature is constant)

33
Q

inspiration during exercise, which muscles contract ?

A

scaleni and external intercostal muscles
ribs rotate and lift up and away
diaphragm lowers 10 cm

34
Q

in exercise, inspiratory action will make the diaphragm, ribs, and sternum move in which manner ?

A

diaphragm down
ribs up
sternum outward

35
Q

why do athletes bend forward from waist to facilitate breathing following exercise ?

A

promotes blood flow back to heart

minimizes antagonistic effects of gravity on the usual upward direction of inspiratory movements

36
Q

expiration at rest- which muscle action ?

A

PASSIVE PROCESS from natural recoil of stretched lung tissue and relaxation of inspiratory muscles

37
Q

when does expiration at rest end ?

A

when compressive force of expiratory muscles ceases, and intrapulmonary pressure decreases to athmospheric pressure

38
Q

what muscles contract during expiration (exercise)?

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles act on ribs to push them down

39
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

air moved during inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle
0.4-1.0 L / air per breath

40
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

inspiring as deeply as possible following normal inspiration

2.5-3.5 L above inspired tidal air

41
Q

expiratory reserve volume:

A

after normal exhalation, continuing to exhale 1- 1.5 L

42
Q

forced vital capacity

A

total volume of air voluntarily moved in one breath
TV+ IRV+ ERV
4-5 L men
3-4 L women

43
Q

residual lung volume

A

air volume in lungs remaining after exhaling as deeply as possible
0.8-1.2 L women 0.9-1.4 men
increases with age

44
Q

what is the function of RV ?

A

prevents lungs from collapsing

allows uninterrupted gas exchange between blood and alveoli to prevent fluctuations

45
Q

when does RV temporarily increase in exercise ? (2 reasons)

A
  • closure of small peripheral airways

- increase in thoracic blood volume

46
Q

what is stroke volume in exercise ?

A

150 mL (very small compared to total lung surface area)

47
Q

what does dynamic lung volume depend on ?

A

1) maximum FVC of lungs

2) speed of moving a volume of air (breathing rate)

48
Q

what does breathing rate depend on ?

A

lung compliance/ resistance of respiratory passages to air

49
Q

what is forced expiratory volume ?

A

FEV (1.0) / FVC
measured over 1 second
reflects pulmonary expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement upstream in lungs
usually 85%

50
Q

normative values for FEV1/ FVC

A

healthy 85%
obstructive disease like asthma : delineation at 70 % or less
restrictive disease like fibrosis: over 85%

51
Q

maximum voluntary ventilation

A

ventilatory capacity with rapid and deep breathing for 15 sec
usually 25% more than ventilation in maximal exercise
140-180 L/min men
80-120 L/min women

52
Q

gender differences in lung measure

A

women have :
reduced lung size and airway diameter
smaller diffusion surface
smaller static and dynamic lung measures

53
Q

what are the consequences of gender differences in lung measure ?

A

greater respiratory muscle work and use of reserve for women
smaller lung volume + high expiratory flow rate places demand on system affecting oxygen exchange

54
Q

what are the limitations of dynamic lung function tests ?

A

they indicate severity for obstructive and restrictive diseases but dont provide a lot of info for those in normal range about aerobic fitnesss

55
Q

would regular endurance exercise stimulate large increases in functional capacity of pulmonary system ?

A

nope not really

56
Q

what two variables can predict expected avg lung function ?

A

age and stature

57
Q

what is minute ventilation ?

A

volume of air breathed each minute

6 L

58
Q

what is the formula for minute ventilation ?

A

Ve= breathing rate (12 bpm) x tidal volume (0.5 L)

59
Q

how can minute ventilation be increased ?

A

Ve= breathing rate x tidal volume, so with one or the other

breathing rate can increase to 35-45 bpm or 60-70 (elite)

60
Q

tidal volumes rarely exceed what % of vital capacity ?

A

60

61
Q

in the tidal volume inspired, what volume is anatomical dead space ? what happens to the rest ?

A

150-200 mL anatomical dead space

350 mL enters and mixes with alveolar air

62
Q

what is alveolar ventilation ?

A

portion of inspired air reaching alveoli and doing gas exchange

63
Q

what is ventilation perfusion ratio

A

ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

usually 0.84 meaning 4.2 L alveolar ventilation / 5 L pulmonary blood flow

64
Q

what is physiological dead space

A

usually = anatomical

portion of alveolar volume with v/p ratio approaching 0

65
Q

at what % dead space of lung does adequate gas exchange become impossible ?

A

60

66
Q

in exercise, how do you maintain alveolar ventilation ? which variables change ?

A

Ve = breathing rate x tidal volume
they’ll increase significantly tidal volume with only small increase in breathing rate
basically, they breathe deeper instead of panting

67
Q

does modifying breathing style benefit exericise performance ?

A

nope

68
Q

what is hyperventilation ?

A

increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceeds O2 consumption and Co2 elimination needs of metabolism

69
Q

what is dyspnea ?

A

shortness of breath

70
Q

(fig 12.9) in exercise, at the expense of what static lung volume will the athlete increase tidal volume to increase minute ventilation ?

A

decreasing IRV + a little ERV will augment VT

RV will stay the same.

71
Q

what is the valsalva maneuver ?

A

moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one’s mouth, pinching one’s nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon.
for short application of force

72
Q

what are the physiologic consequences of the Valsalva maneuver ?

A

dramatically reduces venous return and arterial blood pressure

  • > diminishes brain blood supply (dizzy)
  • > once glottis reopens, blood flow will re-establish by an overshoot in arterial BP
73
Q

in cold weather and strenuous exercise what happens to the respiratory tract ?

A

it loses considerable water and heat

Ex Phys (13 decks)

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