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Ex Phys > Bergdahl- Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Bergdahl- Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the relationship between velocity of blood, blood flow, and cross sectional area ? what does this imply ?

A

velocity of blood= blood flow / CSA
meaning that it’s faster in the aorta than in the capillaries because the capillaries have a huge CSA. This means there is more time for gas exchange in the capillaries, which is what we want

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2
Q

what is blood flow

A

Blood flow is the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time

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3
Q

what is mean arterial pressure ? how is it calculated ?

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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4
Q

what is pulse pressure ? how is it calculated ?

A

Pulse pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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5
Q

what is resistance ?

A

Resistance is the impediment to blood flow in a vessel.

Measure of amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (systemic) circulation

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6
Q

what is conductance ? how is it calculated ?

A

Conductance is a measure of the blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference.
Conductance = 1/Resistance

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7
Q

what is compliance ? how is it calculated ?

A

change in volume / change in pressure

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8
Q

how is cardiac output calculated ?

A

CO= HR x SV

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9
Q

how is (arterial) blood pressure calculated ?

A

BP= CO x TPR

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10
Q

what is total peripheral resistance ?

A

same as resistance

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11
Q

at what level does respiration occur (and not ventilation)

A

at the alveolar level. before that- pulmonary ventilation

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12
Q

what is external respiration

A

the gas exchange between lungs and blood

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13
Q

what is internal respiration

A

the gas exchange at cellular level

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14
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy

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15
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation ?

A

process of moving and exchanging ambient air with lung air

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16
Q

between what two anatomical structures is the air filtered and humidified in pulmonary ventilation ?

A

between nose and mouth and bronchi (so in trachea and other dead spaces)

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17
Q

what are the pecularities of size and weight of lungs

A

they weigh 1 kg and have a volume of 4-6 L, meaning they are large in space but not in mass (lung tissue is only 10% solid)

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18
Q

what is gas transport due to ?

A

concentration gradients

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19
Q

what is the number of alveoli we have in our bodies ? how does this number change ?

A

600 million

number grows, then plateau, then decrease

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20
Q

what do pore of Kohn within alveoli do?

A

disperse surfactant to reduce surface tension

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21
Q

what is surface tension ?

A

for a given volume, reducing the surface area as much as possible to enhance the “tightness” between water molecules

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22
Q

what does surfactant do ?

A

decreases surface tension

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23
Q

what does surfactant contain ?

A

lipoprotein mixture of phosholipids, proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells

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24
Q

the ventilatory system is divided in two parts, what are they ?

A
  • conducting zones (anatomical dead space) trachea and terminal bronchioles
  • transitional and respiratory zones: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
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25
what are the functions of conducting zones ? (6)
air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization, immunoglobulin secretion
26
what are the functions of transitional/respiratory zones ? (5)
gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation/inactivation, blood clotting regulation, endocrine function
27
what temperature will alveolar air be ?
the same in any weather condition due to warming in conducting zones
28
at what zone/ generation of bronchi does human lung tissue become a respiratory zone ? what happens to the CSA ?
16 to 17 | CSA dramatically increases
29
what is Fick's law of diffusion ?
A gas diffusing through a tissue will have a rate 1) directly proportional to the tissue area, a diffusion constant, and the pressure differential of gas on each side of membrane 2) inversely proportional to tissue thickness
30
what does elasticity depend on ?
resistance
31
Q= F = change in P / R
formula for flow / cardiac output
32
what is Boyle's law ?
P1V1= P2V2 (pressure of gas inversely related to volume if temperature is constant)
33
inspiration during exercise, which muscles contract ?
scaleni and external intercostal muscles ribs rotate and lift up and away diaphragm lowers 10 cm
34
in exercise, inspiratory action will make the diaphragm, ribs, and sternum move in which manner ?
diaphragm down ribs up sternum outward
35
why do athletes bend forward from waist to facilitate breathing following exercise ?
promotes blood flow back to heart | minimizes antagonistic effects of gravity on the usual upward direction of inspiratory movements
36
expiration at rest- which muscle action ?
PASSIVE PROCESS from natural recoil of stretched lung tissue and relaxation of inspiratory muscles
37
when does expiration at rest end ?
when compressive force of expiratory muscles ceases, and intrapulmonary pressure decreases to athmospheric pressure
38
what muscles contract during expiration (exercise)?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles act on ribs to push them down
39
what is tidal volume ?
air moved during inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle 0.4-1.0 L / air per breath
40
inspiratory reserve volume
inspiring as deeply as possible following normal inspiration | 2.5-3.5 L above inspired tidal air
41
expiratory reserve volume:
after normal exhalation, continuing to exhale 1- 1.5 L
42
forced vital capacity
total volume of air voluntarily moved in one breath TV+ IRV+ ERV 4-5 L men 3-4 L women
43
residual lung volume
air volume in lungs remaining after exhaling as deeply as possible 0.8-1.2 L women 0.9-1.4 men increases with age
44
what is the function of RV ?
prevents lungs from collapsing | allows uninterrupted gas exchange between blood and alveoli to prevent fluctuations
45
when does RV temporarily increase in exercise ? (2 reasons)
- closure of small peripheral airways | - increase in thoracic blood volume
46
what is stroke volume in exercise ?
150 mL (very small compared to total lung surface area)
47
what does dynamic lung volume depend on ?
1) maximum FVC of lungs | 2) speed of moving a volume of air (breathing rate)
48
what does breathing rate depend on ?
lung compliance/ resistance of respiratory passages to air
49
what is forced expiratory volume ?
FEV (1.0) / FVC measured over 1 second reflects pulmonary expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement upstream in lungs usually 85%
50
normative values for FEV1/ FVC
healthy 85% obstructive disease like asthma : delineation at 70 % or less restrictive disease like fibrosis: over 85%
51
maximum voluntary ventilation
ventilatory capacity with rapid and deep breathing for 15 sec usually 25% more than ventilation in maximal exercise 140-180 L/min men 80-120 L/min women
52
gender differences in lung measure
women have : reduced lung size and airway diameter smaller diffusion surface smaller static and dynamic lung measures
53
what are the consequences of gender differences in lung measure ?
greater respiratory muscle work and use of reserve for women smaller lung volume + high expiratory flow rate places demand on system affecting oxygen exchange
54
what are the limitations of dynamic lung function tests ?
they indicate severity for obstructive and restrictive diseases but dont provide a lot of info for those in normal range about aerobic fitnesss
55
would regular endurance exercise stimulate large increases in functional capacity of pulmonary system ?
nope not really
56
what two variables can predict expected avg lung function ?
age and stature
57
what is minute ventilation ?
volume of air breathed each minute | 6 L
58
what is the formula for minute ventilation ?
Ve= breathing rate (12 bpm) x tidal volume (0.5 L)
59
how can minute ventilation be increased ?
Ve= breathing rate x tidal volume, so with one or the other | breathing rate can increase to 35-45 bpm or 60-70 (elite)
60
tidal volumes rarely exceed what % of vital capacity ?
60
61
in the tidal volume inspired, what volume is anatomical dead space ? what happens to the rest ?
150-200 mL anatomical dead space | 350 mL enters and mixes with alveolar air
62
what is alveolar ventilation ?
portion of inspired air reaching alveoli and doing gas exchange
63
what is ventilation perfusion ratio
ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow | usually 0.84 meaning 4.2 L alveolar ventilation / 5 L pulmonary blood flow
64
what is physiological dead space
usually = anatomical | portion of alveolar volume with v/p ratio approaching 0
65
at what % dead space of lung does adequate gas exchange become impossible ?
60
66
in exercise, how do you maintain alveolar ventilation ? which variables change ?
Ve = breathing rate x tidal volume they'll increase significantly tidal volume with only small increase in breathing rate basically, they breathe deeper instead of panting
67
does modifying breathing style benefit exericise performance ?
nope
68
what is hyperventilation ?
increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceeds O2 consumption and Co2 elimination needs of metabolism
69
what is dyspnea ?
shortness of breath
70
(fig 12.9) in exercise, at the expense of what static lung volume will the athlete increase tidal volume to increase minute ventilation ?
decreasing IRV + a little ERV will augment VT | RV will stay the same.
71
what is the valsalva maneuver ?
moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one's mouth, pinching one's nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon. for short application of force
72
what are the physiologic consequences of the Valsalva maneuver ?
dramatically reduces venous return and arterial blood pressure - > diminishes brain blood supply (dizzy) - > once glottis reopens, blood flow will re-establish by an overshoot in arterial BP
73
in cold weather and strenuous exercise what happens to the respiratory tract ?
it loses considerable water and heat

Ex Phys (13 decks)

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