Chapter 7/8 Flashcards

1
Q

Automatic Thoughts

A

In cognitive therapy, persistent, often negative, thoughts that occur automatically in response to situations and contribute to emotional distress.

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2
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania or hypomania

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3
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

A type of bipolar disorder involving at least one full manic episode, often alternating with depressive episodes

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4
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

A type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, but without full manic episodes

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5
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

A concept in cognitive therapy that describes three negative thought patterns common in depression: negative views about oneself, the world, and the future

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6
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

A milder form of bipolar disorder involving chronic mood swings between hypomania and mild depression for at least two years

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7
Q

Depression

A

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, lack of energy, low-self worth, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of hopelessness

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8
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A severe form of depression involving prolonged and intense feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and lack of interest in daily activities, lasting at least two weeks
- Weight change/appetite change
- Issues sleeping
- Agitation and fatigue
- Issues with concentration
- Suicidality

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9
Q

Mania

A

A state of extreme energy, euphoria, impulsivity, and sometimes irritability, often seen in bipolar disorder

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10
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, alertness, and stress responses; often implicated in depression and anxiety disorders

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11
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and overall well-being; imbalances are linked to depression and anxiety

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12
Q

Symbolic Loss

A

In psychodynamic theory, the idea that a perceived or imagined loss (e.g., loss of a loved one’s approval) can lead to depression, even if no actual loss has occurred

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13
Q

Unipolar Depression

A

A mood disorder involving depression without any episodes of mania or hypomania
- 20% of all adults experience at some point in life (1 in 5)
- 26% of women vs 12% of men
- Approx 85% recover, some w/o treatment
- 1/2 experience another episode later

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14
Q

Behavioral Activation

A

A therapy for depression that focuses on increasing engagement in positive, rewarding activities to improve mood and social skills

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15
Q

Brain Stimulation

A

A category of treatments that use electrical or magnetic stimulation to improve brain function in mood disorders

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16
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

A treatment that helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns to improve mood and behavior

17
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

A surgical procedure that implants electrodes in the brain to treat severe depression and other neurological disorders.

18
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

A treatment for severe depression that involves applying electrical currents to the brain to induce a controlled seizure, which can relieve symptoms

19
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

A

A therapy that focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and communication skills to help treat depression

20
Q

Lithium

A

A mood-stabilizing medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder by reducing manic and depressive episodes

21
Q

MAO Inhibitor (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor)

A

An antidepressant that works by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine
- Helps approx 1/2 of patients

22
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

A

Medications, such as lithium and anticonvulsants, that help regulate mood swings in bipolar disorder
- Researchers don’t understand how they operate, may be due to change in synaptic activity, production of neuroproductive proteins, or size of hippocampus/amount of gray matter

23
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

A class of antidepressants that increase serotonin levels by blocking its reuptake in the brain (e.g., Prozac, Zoloft)
- Acts on serotonin alone without affecting others
- As effective and fast and tricylics but lead to some side effects

24
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

A noninvasive treatment that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate brain activity in depression

25
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

An older class of antidepressants that block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, increasing their levels in the brain
- Drugs taken for at least 10 days before improvement
- 50-60% of patients symptoms improve
- Relapse may occur if therapy ended too quickly

26
Q

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

A

A treatment for depression involving electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve to influence mood-related brain regions

27
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Group of disorders marked by unipolar depression
- Unipolar: depression w/o mania
- Bipolar disorder: alternating or intermixed depression and mania

28
Q

Biological View of Unipolar Depression

A

Genetic
- Family pedigree studies
- Twin studies: 38% concordance in MZ twins, 20% in DZ twins
- Gene studies: abnormality of serotonin transporter gene (risk version of genes)

Biochemical Factors
- Low activity of serotonin and norepinephrine
- 1950s: blood pressure meds reveal what damage causes depression
- Antidepressants increase NT activity
- HPA pathways = overly reactive in depression (anxiety and depression can go together

29
Q

Psychodynamic View of Unipolar Depression

A
  • Freud/Abraham: reaction when some people experience loss (real or symbolic)
  • Object relations theorists: depression results when relationships (esp. early ones) make individual feel unsafe or insecure

Strengths
- Depression can be triggered by major loss
- Early losses set stage for later depression
- If childhood needs are/were poorly met, more likely to become depressed after loss

Weaknesses
- Early losses and inadequate parenting can explain some cases but not all so may not cause depression

30
Q

Psychological View of Unipolar Depression

A

Behavioral dimensions (behavioral)
- Reduction in rewards cause fewer positive behaviors, lower rewards rate, and eventually depression
- Depressed participants: fewer positive rewards than nondepressed
- When rewards increase, mood improves
- New experiences can reverse the cycle of depression

Negative Thinking (cognitive)
- Beck: unipolar depression produced by maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts
- Maladaptive attitudes: ex. my general worth is tied to the tasks I perform
- Cognitive triad: negative view of experiences, self, and future
- Errors in thinking: negative conclusions based on little evidence
- Automatic thoughts: unpleasant thoughts surrounding inadequacy and hopelessness
- Legitimate view that oneself cannot succeed and is not worthy due to mistakes, powerlessness and hopelessness

31
Q

Sociocultural View of Unipolar Depression (1)

A

Influenced by social context around individual

Family-social perspective
- Depressed people are hard to be around, may cause avoidance from others which decreases social contacts and rewards
- Reinforces belief that one is unworthy of love
- Depression tied to weak/unavailable social support, isolation, and lack of intimacy
- May be around others, but lack of genuine closeness

32
Q

Sociocultural View of Unipolar Depression (2)

A

Across various cultures, women 2x as likely as men to receive diagnosis of unipolar depression
- Artifact theory: clinicians less likely to detect depression in men
- Hormone explanation: women seen to be less stable/more hormonal, hormonal changes predict mood change
- Life stress theory: women face more poverty/less fulfilling work, less adequate housing, and more discrimination
- Body dissatisfaction explanation: relation to EDs, more pressure on female bodies
- Lack-of-control theory: women feel they have less control over lives, men feel more control
- Rumination theory: women more likely to ruminate (reprocess)

33
Q

Integrating the Models of Unipolar Depression

A
  • Unipolar depression is caused by a combination of the various models
    - Genetically inherited biological predisposition
    - Significant early life trauma and/or inadequate parenting can influence
    - Low self-concept: temperament marked by feelings of guilt, negative thinking styles, general feelings of helplessness, and/or interpersonal dependent
  • Factors unfold/intersect in developmental sequence
34
Q

Biological View of Bipolar Disorders

A

Neurotransmitter Activity
- Mania may be related to high norepinephrine activity and low serotonin activity

Ion Activity
- Ions across membranes = necessary for action potentials
- Irregularities in transport may cause easy firing (mania) or stubborn firing (depression)

Genetic Factors
- Family pedigree: MZ 40% concordance, siblings 5-10%
- Linked to genes on variety of chromosomes, possibility that abnormalities combine

35
Q

How Effective are Antidepressants?

A

Fail to help at least 40% if not closer to 50%
- When including placebos, improvement is closer to about 30-35%

36
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy for Unipolar Depression

A

Seek to bring issues of loss into consciousness and work through them
- Free association, therapist interpretation, review of past events and feelings
- Depressed clients gain awareness of losses in life, become less dependent on others, and cope w/ loss more effectively

Strengths
- Sucessful case reports, most often w/ modestly or moderately depressed clients with a clear history of abuse

Limitations
- Long-term therapy only occasionally helpful
- Depression clients too passive and weary to participate fully
- Clients may become discouraged + end treatment

37
Q

Adjunctive Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder

A
  • Psychotherapy or mood stabilizing alone is rarely helpful
    - Individuals may stop taking mood stabilizers due to side effects
  • Individual, group, or family therapy used with lithium/medication therapy
    • Support systems can emphasize importance of taking meds, help improve skills, help with problems, and help prevent suicide
  • Improves variety of behaviors, especially for cyclothymic disorder
38
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Unipolar Depression

A

Behavioral Activation
- Therapist works to increase number of positive/enjoyable activities in a clients life
- Reintroduce pleasurable events/activities and reward nondepressive/depressive behaviors
- Help improve social skills

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy:
- Guides clients to recognize + change negative cognitive processes
- Increasing activities & elevating mood
- Challenging automatic thoughts by identifying negative ones and changing them

  • 50-60% show significant improvement/elimination of their symptoms

New-Wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists
- Believe in noticing issues rather than disregarding
- Uses mindfulness training and other techniques to recognize negative thoughts as mere thoughts rather than guides

39
Q

Sociocultural Approach: Family-Social Treatments

A

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT: Kerman & Weissman): explore, grieve, & let go
- Interpersonal problems may lead to depression
- Interpersonal loss: encourage clients to explore their relationship w/ lost person and express any feelings of anger they may discover
- Interpersonal role dispute: occur when two people have diff expectations of their relationship + how to interact
- Interpersonal role transition: develop the social supports + skills the new roles require (become a parent, a partner, divorced, etc.)
- Interpersonal deficits: teach social skills & assertiveness
- Useful for depression related to social conflicts/role changes/social loss