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Psychology 120 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

A

Learning

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2
Q

A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

A

Habituation

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3
Q

Presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

A

Sensitization

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4
Q

The psychologist that kick-started the behaviourist movement to never use the terms “consciousness”, “mental states”, “mind”, “content”, “introspectively verifiable”, “imagery”, etc.

A

John B. Watson

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5
Q

Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his work on the salivation of dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov

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6
Q

When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

A

Classical Conditioning

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7
Q

Basic Elements of Classical Conditioning

A 
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Acquisition
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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8
Q

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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9
Q

A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned Response

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10
Q

The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

A

Acquisition

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11
Q

A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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12
Q

A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Response

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13
Q

A type of learning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure

A

Second-order Conditioning

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14
Q

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

A

Extinction

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15
Q

The tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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16
Q

The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition

A

Generalization

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17
Q

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

A

Discrimination

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18
Q

What were the following in the Little Albert Study?:

  • Unconditioned Stimulus
  • Conditioned Stimulus
  • Conditioned Response
A

US - the loud sound
CS - the presence of the rat
CR - a fearful reaction

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19
Q

Properties of Evolutionary Mechanisms in Classical Conditioning

A
  • rapid learning should occur in one or two trials
  • conditioning should be able to take place over long intervals (several hours)
  • organism should develop the aversion to the smell or taste of the food rather than its ingestion
  • learned aversions should occur more often with novel foods than familiar ones
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20
Q

A tendency of learning particular kinds of associations over others

A

Biological Preparedness

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21
Q

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behaviour determine whether it will repeat that behaviour in the future

A

Operant Conditioning

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22
Q

A principle that behaviours that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated; developed by Edward Thorndike

A

Law of Effect

23
Q

A term coined by B.F. Skinner that referred to behaviour that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment

A

Operant Behaviour

24
Q

A way to study operant behaviour scientifically; allows a researcher to study the behaviour of small organisms in a controlled environment

A

Operant Conditioning Chamber
OR
Skinner Box

25
Q

Any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

A

Reinforcer

26
Q

Any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

A

Punisher

27
Q

Skinner used these terms for situations in which a stimulus was presented and for situations in which it was removed (respectively)

A

Positive

Negative

28
Q

A stimulus presented that increases the likelihood of a behaviour

A

Positive Reinforcement

29
Q

A stimulus is removed that increases the likelihood of a behaviour

A

Negative Reinforcement

30
Q

A stimulus administered that reduces the likelihood of a behaviour

A

Positive Punishment

31
Q

A stimulus is removed that reduces the likelihood of a behaviour

A

Negative Punishment

32
Q

A key determinant of the effectiveness of a reinforcer/punisher

A

the amount of time between the occurrence of a behaviour and the reinforcer/punisher

33
Q

In the presence of a discriminative stimulus, a response produces a reinforcer.

A

Three-Term Contingency

34
Q

A stimulus that indicates that a response will be reinforced

A

Discriminative Stimulus

35
Q

An important difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning

A

Classical - the US occurs on every trial

Operant - reinforcements occur only when the proper response has been made, and they don’t always occur even then

36
Q

Two Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Interval Schedules

Ratio Schedules

37
Q

Two types of Interval Schedules

A

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Variable-Interval Schedule

38
Q

Reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

A

Fixed-Interval Schedule

39
Q

A behaviour is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

A

Variable-Interval Schedule

40
Q

Two types of Ratio Schedules

A

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Variable-Ratio Schedule

41
Q

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

A

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

42
Q

The special case of presenting reinforcement after each response

A

Continuous Reinforcement

43
Q

The delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

A

Variable-Ratio Schedule

44
Q

Whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

A

Intermittent Reinforcement

45
Q

The fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

A

Intermittent Reinforcement Effect

46
Q

Learning that the results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

A

Shaping

47
Q

A behaviour that gets incrementally closer to the overall desired behaviour

A

Successive Approximation

48
Q

When something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioural change until sometime in the future

A

Latent Learning

49
Q

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment

A

Cognitive Map

50
Q

An organism ignores life-sustaining necessities for hours on end simply to receive stimulation directly in the brain. These parts of the brain are called:

A

Pleasure Centres

51
Q

An organism learns by watching the actions of others

A

Observational Learning

52
Q

Individuals initially learn a behaviour by observing another individual perform that behaviour, and then become models from which other individuals learn the behaviour

A

Diffusion Chain

53
Q

A type of cell found in the brains of primates that fire when an animal performs an action or when they watch someone else perform the same specific task. They play a role in the imitation of behaviour and the prediction of future behaviour

A

Mirror Neurons

54
Q

Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition

A

Implicit Learning

Psychology 120 (4 decks)

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