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Psychology 120 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

A

Memory

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2
Q

3 Key Functions of Memory

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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3
Q

a function of memory; the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

A

Encoding

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4
Q

a function of memory; the process of maintaining information in memory over time

A

Storage

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5
Q

a function of memory, the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

A

Retrieval

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6
Q

3 Types of Encoding

A

Semantic
Visual Imagery
Organizational

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7
Q

a type of encoding; the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory; greatly enhances long term retention

A

Semantic Encoding

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8
Q

a type of encoding; the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures; visual and verbal mental placeholders

A

Visual Imagery

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9
Q

a type of encoding; the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

A

Organizational Encoding

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10
Q

3 Kinds of Memory Storage

A

Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

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11
Q

a type of memory storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less; two types: iconic memory and echoic memory

A

Sensory Memory

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12
Q

a type of memory storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

A

Short Term Memory

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13
Q

a type of memory storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity limit

A

Long Term Memory

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14
Q

the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it

A

Rehearsal

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15
Q

an effect where the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.

A

Serial Position Effect

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16
Q

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in short-term memory.

A

Chunking

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17
Q

maintenance of information in short-term storage; has two subsystems: one for visual images and one for verbal information; the episodic buffer combines these; the central executive coordinates the subsystems and the episodic buffer

A

Working Memory

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18
Q

the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

A

Anterograde Amnesia

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19
Q

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date

A

Retrograde Amnesia

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20
Q

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

A

Consolidation

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21
Q

the process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled

A

Reconsolidation

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22
Q

a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

A

Long-term Potentiation

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23
Q

the process of bringing to mind information that has already been encoded and stored; perhaps one of the most important of all memory processes

A

Retrieval

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24
Q

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

A

Retrieval Cue

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25
Q

a principle that states a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

A

Encoding Specificity Principle

26
Q

the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

A

State-dependent Retrieval

27
Q

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

A

Transfer-appropriate Processing

28
Q

a process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

A

Retrieval-induced Forgetting

29
Q

2 Types of Memories

A

Explicit Memory

Implicit Memory

30
Q

a type of memory where people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

A

Explicit Memory

31
Q

a type of memory where past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

A

Implicit Memory

32
Q

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice; “knowing how” to do things

A

Procedural Memory

33
Q

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or an object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

A

Priming

34
Q

Two Types of Priming

A

Perceptual

Conceptual

35
Q

a type of priming; reflects implicit memory for sensory features of an item

A

Perceptual Priming

36
Q

a type of priming; reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word

A

Conceptual Priming

37
Q

Two Types of Explicit Memory

A

Semantic

Episodic

38
Q

a type of explicit memory; a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

A

Semantic Memory

39
Q

a type of explicit memory; the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

A

Episodic Memory

40
Q

generating creative ideas by combining different types of information in new ways

A

Divergent Creative Thinking

41
Q

how people remember in groups

A

Collaborative Memory

42
Q

the combined recall of several individuals recalling target items on their own

A

Nominal Group

43
Q

the same number of individuals working together recall fewer items than they would on their own

A

Collaborative Inhibition

44
Q

when each member of a couple remembers certain kinds of information that they can share with the other

A

Collaborative Remembering
or
Transactive Memory

45
Q

Seven Sins of Memory

A 
Transience
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Memory Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
46
Q

a sin of memory; forgetting what occurs with the passage of time; occurs during storage phase of memory, after encoding, before retrieval; most forgetting occurs soon after the event occurs, increasingly less forgetting as more time passes.

A

Transience

47
Q

situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

A

Retroactive Interference

48
Q

situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

A

Proactive Interference

49
Q

a sin of memory; a lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

A

Absentmindedness

50
Q

remembering to do things in the future

A

Prospective Memory

51
Q

a sin of memory; a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it; occurs for names of people and places

A

Blocking

52
Q

a sin of memory; assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source; could be the cause of deja vu experiences

A

Memory Misattribution

53
Q

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

A

False Recognition

54
Q

a sin of memory; the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into person recollections; social pressure enhances this

A

Suggestibility

55
Q

a sin of memory; the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences; people remember the past as they want to rather than how it actually was

A

Bias

56
Q

the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

A

Consistency Bias

57
Q

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

A

Change Bias

58
Q

a special case of change bias; the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good

A

Egocentric Bias

59
Q

a sin of memory; the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget; occurs after traumatic incidents

A

Persistence

60
Q

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

A

Flashbulb Memories

Psychology 120 (4 decks)

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