Chapter 7 Flashcards
plasma membrane
membrane that surrounds a cell, and selectively permeates molecules to cross
morphology
shape and appearance of an organisms body and its component parts
phylogeny
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
chromosome
gene carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of DNA and associated proteins
gene
section of DNA that encodes information for building one or more related polypeptides or functional RNA molecules along with the regulatory sequences required for transcription
nucleoid
in prokaryotic cells a dense centrally located region that contains DNA but is not surrounded by a membrane
plasmids
small usually circular supercoiled DNA molecule independent of the cells main chromosomes in prokaryotic cells
glycolipids
any lipid molecule that is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate group
nuclear lamina
lattice like sheet of fibrous nuclear lamins, which are one type of intermediate filaments
nucleolus
in eukaryotic cells, specialized structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA processing occurs and RNA subunits are assembled
lumen
interior space of any hollow structure or organ
cisternae
flattened membrane bound compartments that make up the golgi apparatus
cytosol
fluid portion of the cytoplasm
perixosomes
an organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains enzymes to oxidize fatty acids and other compounds like toxins rendering them harmless
glyoxysomes
specialized type of peroxisomes found in plant cells and packed with enzymes to process the products of photosynthesis
autophagy
self eating-process of damaged organelles being enveloped in a membrane and transported to a lysosome
pinocytosis
uptake by a cell of extracellular fluid by pinching of the plasma membrane to form small membrane bound vesicles, type of endocytosis
differential centrifugation
process for separating components according to size and density by spinning a cell in a series of centrifuge runs
pulse-chase experiment
type of experiment in which population of cells or molecules at a particular moment is marked by a means of a labeled molecule and then their fate is followed over time
nuclear localization
short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for delivery to the nucleus
ER signal sequence
short amino acid sequence that marks a polypeptide for transport to the ER where synthesis of the polypeptide occurs and the signal sequence removed
glycosylation
addition of a carbohydrate group to a molecule
glycoprotein
any protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate group
actin filaments
long fiber made of actin proteins, one of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers
motor protein
class of proteins whose major function is to convert chemical energy of ATP into motion
cytoplasmic streaming
directed flow of cytosol and organelles that facilitate s distribution of materials within some large plant cells an fungal cells. Occurs along actin filaments and powered by myosin
cell crawling
form of cellular movement involving actin filaments in which the cell produces bulges that stick to the substrate and pull the cell forward
nuclear lamins
intermediate filaments that make up the nuclear lamina layer
dimers
association of two molecules which may be identical or different
kinesin
any one of a class of motor proteins that use chemical energy of ATP to transport vesicles, particles or chromosomes along microtubules
axoneme
structure found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella and is responsible for their motion , composed of two central microtubules surrounded by nine doublet microtubules
basal body
structure of nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a circle at the base of eukaryotic cilia and flagella
dynein
any one of the class of motor proteins that use ATP to move along an adjacent microtubule, responsible for the bending of cilia and flagella as well as chromosome movement during mitosis
