Chapter 2

Question 1

polar covalent bond

Answer 1

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms differing in electronegativity , resulting in the more electronegative atom having a partial negative charge and the other atom, a partial positive charge

Question 2

cation

Answer 2

a positively charged ion

Question 3

anion

Answer 3

a negatively charged ion

Question 4

mole

Answer 4

the amount of a substance that contains 6.022x10^23 of its elemental entities. This number of molecules of a compound will have a mass equal to the molecular weight of that compound expressed in grams

Question 5

molarity

Answer 5

a common unit of solute concentration equal to the number of moles of a dissolved solute in 1 liter of solution

Question 6

hydrophilic

Answer 6

interacting readily with water, usually polar compounds containing charged or electronegative atoms

Question 7

hydrophobic

Answer 7

not interacting readily with water, typically nonpolar compounds that lack charged or electronegative atoms

Question 8

specific heat

Answer 8

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C, measure of the capacity to absorb energy

Question 9

acidity

Answer 9

the level of acid within a substance

Question 10

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

the principle of physics that energy is conserved in any process. energy can be converted and transferred into different forms but cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 11

entropy

Answer 11

a quantitative measure of the amount of disorder of any system, such as a group of molecules

Question 12

spontaneous chemical reactions

Answer 12

a reaction that occurs without the need of an outside force

Question 13

exergonic

Answer 13

referring to a chemical reaction that can occur spontaneously , releasing and/or increasing entropy

Question 14

endergonic

Answer 14

refers to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to occur

Question 15

organic molecules

Answer 15

for a compound, containing carbon and hydrogen and usually containing carbon-carbon bonds

Question 16

inorganic molecules

Answer 16

molecules other than organic ones, usually not found in living things

Question 17

ozone

Answer 17

a colorless, unstable toxic gas that has three oxygen molecules and formed from oxygen by electrical charges and UV lights

Question 18

alkalinity

Answer 18

capacity of an aqueous solution to neutralize an acid

Question 19

nonspontaneous chemical reaction

Answer 19

reaction that requires an outside force to occur and where the change in free energy is positive an energy is absorbed