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Psychology 1101 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

is a process which experience produces a relativley enduring chnage in organisms behaviour or capabilities

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2
Q

habituation

A

a change in behaviour that results merely from repeated exposure to a stimulus

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

in which organism learn to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response that orginally was elicited only by the other stimulus

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4
Q

operant conditioning

A

organisms learn to associate their responses with sepcific consequences

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5
Q

observational learning

A

in which learners imitate the behaviour of a model

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6
Q

what did behavioursits assume

A

that there are laws of learning that apply to all organisms

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7
Q

explain pavlovs experiment

A

pavlov presented food to dogs and measured there saliavery responses. He noticed with repeated testing the dogs began to salivate before the food was presented such as when they heard foot steps of the experimenter

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8
Q

acquisition

A

refers to a period in which the response is being learned

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflective or innate response without prior learning

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10
Q

unconditioned response

A

a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus without prior learning

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that through association with a UCS comes elicit a conditioned reponse similar to the original UCR

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

a reponse elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

extinction trial

A

in a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear.

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14
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials

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15
Q

stimulus generlisation

A

stimuli similar to the inital CS elicit a CR

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16
Q

discrimination

A

is demonstrated when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to others

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17
Q

higher order conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

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18
Q

little albert

A

Watson- wanted to prove that fear can be conditoned
showed alberts a white rat- albert showed no fear
albert was afraid of loud noises therefore they paired the rat with the loud noise and albert cried on each occasion. Then Albert was shown a white rat with no noise and cried. He generlised this to all white objects.

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19
Q

exposure therapies

A

in which a client is exposed to a CS that arouses an anxiety response without the presence of the UCS allowing extinction to occur

20
Q

habituation

A

Response to stimuli decreases with frequent presentation

21
Q

Sensitization

A

Response to stimuli increases with frequent presentation

22
Q

Solomon & Corbit (1974)

A

Opponent Process Theory

23
Q

reconditioning

A

relearning acquired behaviour is faster than the original conditioning

24
Q

thorndikes law of effect

A

hungry cat in a ‘puzzle box’ that could be opened using levers and the cat would get food outside. By chance that cat would place a foot on the lever and recieve food. Performance slowley improved with repeated trials and over time the cat learned to press the lever soon after the door was shut. Trial and error.

25
Q

define law of effect

A

which states that in a give situation a response followed by a satisifying consequence will become more likley to occur and a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become less likely to occur.

26
Q

operant conditioning

A

is a type of learning in which behaviour is influnced by the consequences that follow it.

27
Q

skinners box

A

a lever system in which if the lever is pulled a food pallet with be dropped to reward the animal the rat pushed the lever mor frequently

28
Q

reinforcement

A

a reponse is strengethend by an outcome that follows it

29
Q

punishment

A

occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it

30
Q

differences between classical conditoning and operant conditoning

A

behaviour involved:
classical: elicited: CR is a reflex-like response triggered by a CS
operant: emmited: response operates on the environment and is under organisms control
how does learning occur:
classical: through CS-UCS pairings one stimulus (CS) is associated with another stimulus (UCS)
Operant: organisms responses are associated with reinforcing, punishing or neutral consequences
Sequence of event:
classical: CS occurs before the CR and triggers it
Operant: consequences follow an organisms response antecedent stimuli may set the occasion for emmiting certain responses

31
Q

positive reinforcement

A

occurs when response is strengethened by the subsequent presentation of stimulus

32
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a response is strengthend by the subsequent removal of an aversive stimulus

33
Q

operant extinction

A

is the weakening and eventual disapperance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

34
Q

negative punishment

A

a response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus

35
Q

shaping

A

reinforcement begins with a behaviour that the organism can already perform and then is made contingent on behaviour that increasinly approximate the final desired behaviour

36
Q

chaining

A

used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforceing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response

37
Q

vicasious reinforcement

A

We are more likely to imitate behavior that is rewarded and refrain from behavior that is punished.

38
Q

continous reinforcement

A

every response of a particular type is reinforced

39
Q

partial reinforement

A

only a portion of the responses of a particular type are reinforced

40
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses

41
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses all centered around an average

42
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced

43
Q

variable interval schedule

A

reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval centered around an average

44
Q

token economy

A

in which desired behaviours are reinforced with tokens that later turned in for other reinforcers

45
Q

social cogintive theory

A

emphasis that people learn by observing the behavour of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviours to influnce events in their lives

46
Q

self efficacy

A

peoples beliefs that they have the capability to perform behaviours that will produce a desired outcome

Psychology 1101 (8 decks)

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