chapter 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

a scientific study of behaviour and the mind

Question 2

behaviour

Answer 2

actions and responses that we can directly observe

Question 3

define mind

Answer 3

internal states and processes such as thoughts and feelings that cannot be seen directly and must be inferred from observable, measurable responses

Question 4

phrenology

Answer 4

the study of the shape and the size of the cranium as supposed inidciation of character and mental abilities

Question 5

mind and body dualism define and researcher

Answer 5

the belief that the mind is a spirtual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body. Descrates propsed that the mind and brain interact through the brains tiny pineal glands.

Question 6

monism and researcher

Answer 6

hold that the mind and body are one and the mind is not a seprate spirtual entity. Hobbes mental events correspond to physical events in the brain

Question 7

structuralism

Answer 7

the analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements

Question 8

functionalism

Answer 8

which held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than the its elements

Question 9

psychodynamic theory

Answer 9

searches for the cause of behaviour within the inner working of our personality, emphasising the role of unconcious processes.

Question 10

freud

Answer 10

• treated his patients using free association
• freud believed that an unconcious part of the mind profoundly influnces behaviour
• developed the psychoanalysis theory
• emphaisis dynamic relations between unconcious motivation and concious motivation through the use of the id, ergo and superego
• focus on consequence of repression leading to defence mechanisms

Question 11

psychoanlysis

Answer 11

the anlysis of internal and primarily unconcious forces

Question 12

behavioural perspective

Answer 12

focuses on the role of the external environment in governing our actions

Question 13

cognitive psychology

Answer 13

study of how mental processes influnce behaviour

- brain as a information processer

Question 14

biological perspective

Answer 14

how processes and bodily functions regulate behaviour

Question 15

behavioural perspective researchers

Answer 15

pavlov: revealed how learning occurs when events are associated with one another
thorndike: examined how animals learned through conseqences to their actions. thorndikes ‘law of effect’ followed by satifying conseqeunces become more likley to recur and those followed by unsatisfying conseqeunces become less likley to reoccur

Question 16

behaviourism (researcher)

Answer 16

a school of thought that emphasis environemental conrol of behaviour through learning. Watson argued that the proper subject matter of psychology was obervable behaviour not unobervable inner consciousness.

Question 17

skinner

Answer 17

examined how behaviour is influnced by rewarding and punsihing consequences that it produces. Skinner belived that through social engineering soceity could harness the power of the enviornment to change behaviour in benfical ways (radical behaviourism)

Question 18

behaviour modification

Answer 18

aimed at decreasing problem behaviours and increasing positive behaviours by manipulating environemental factors (eldevik)

Question 19

cognitive behaviourism

Answer 19

proposes that learning experiences and the environment influnce our expectations and other thoughts and in turn that our thoughts influnce how we behave

Question 20

the humansitic perspective

Answer 20

emphasised free will, personal growth and the attempt to find meaning in ones extistence. (maslow)

Question 21

Maslow humansitic perspective

Answer 21

proposed that each one of us has an inborn force towards self actualisation the reaching of ones individual potential. when people develop in a supportive environment their postive inner nature emerges.

Question 22

the cognitive perspective

Answer 22

examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes infunce behaviour. Humans are information processors whos ations are goverend by thought.

Question 23

cogntive neuroscience

Answer 23

which uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain imaging techniques to examine brain activity while people engage with cognitive tasks.

Question 24

chromsky

Answer 24

argued that humans are biologically predetermined to acqurie language and that children come to understand language as a set of mental rules.

Question 25

sociocultural perspective

Answer 25

examins how the the social environment and cultural learning influnce behaviour, thoughts and feelings.

Question 26

culture

Answer 26

refers to the enduring values, beliefs and behaviours and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next

Question 27

social norms

Answer 27

which are rules that specfiy what behaviour is acceptable and expected for members of that group

Question 28

socialisation

Answer 28

is the process by which cuture is transmitted to new member and internalised by them

Question 29

cultural psychology

Answer 29

explores how culture is transmitted to its member and examines psychological similatries and differences among people from diverse cultures

Question 30

individualism

Answer 30

an emphasis on personal goals and self idenity based on primarily on ones owns attributes and achievements

Question 31

collectivism

Answer 31

in which individual goals are subordinate to those of the group and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind one to the extended family and other social groups

Question 32

biological perspective

Answer 32

examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour.

Question 33

behavioural neuroscience

Answer 33

examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behaviour, sensory expectations, emotions and thoughts (Rolls)

Question 34

Hebb

Answer 34

proposed that changes in the connections between nerve cells in the brain provide the biological basis for learning, memory and perception.

Question 35

neurotransmitters

Answer 35

which are chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another

Question 36

behaviour genetics

Answer 36

the study of how behaviroual tendencys are influnced by genetic factors

Question 37

darwin

Answer 37

noted that within a species some members posses specific traits to a greater extent than do other members.

Question 38

natural selection

Answer 38

if an inherited trait gives certain members an advantage over others these members will be more likley to survive and pass these characterstics on to their offspring.