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Psychology 1101 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

basic building blocks of the nervous system

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2
Q

dendrites

A

specialised receiving units that collect messages from neighbouring neurons and send them on to the cell body

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3
Q

axon

A

conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

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4
Q

electrical activity of neurons (nerve activation 3 steps)

A

1- at rest the neuron has an electrical resting potential due to the distrabution of positivley and negativley charged chemical ions inside and outside the neuron
2- when stimulated a flow of ions in and out through the cell membrane reverses the electrical charge of the resting potential producing an action potential or impulse
3- the original ionic balance is restored and the neuron is again at rest

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5
Q

how does the chemical environment inside the cell differ from the chemical environment outside the cell

A

in the salty fluid outside the neuron are positivley charged sodium ions and negativley charged chloride ions. Inside the neuron are large negatively charged protein molecules and postivley charged potassium ions

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6
Q

describe polarisation

A

depolarisation: if the neuron is stimulated soidum channels open and sodium ions flood into the axon
repolarisation: sodium channels close and potassium channels behind them are open allowing potassium ions to exit and restoring the resting potential at that point

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7
Q

absolute refactory period

A

the membrane is not excitable and cannot discharge another impulse

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8
Q

all or nothing principal

A

action potential occur at a uniform and maximum intensity or they do not occur at all

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9
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty insulation layer derived from gial cells durign development
- allows signals to travel faster down the axon due to the saltary conduction

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that carry messages across the synaptic space to other neurons muscles or glands

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11
Q

chemical communication 5 steps

A 
1- synthesis
2- storage
3- release
4- binding
5- deactivation
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12
Q

receptor sites

A

large protein molecules embedded in the recieving neurons in the cell membrane. when a molecule binds to the receptor site a chemical reaction occurs. 2 reactions can occur excitation or inhibition

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13
Q

excitatory transmitter

A

the chemical reaction causes the postsynaptic neurons sodium channels to open. As sodium ions flood into the cell and depolarise it they create an either graded potential or action potential

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14
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

may cause positive potassium ions to flow out of the neuron or negative chloride ions from the exterior to flow into it through chloride channels in the membrane increasing the neurons negative potential

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15
Q

reuptake

A

in which the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminal

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16
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that produce alterations in conciousness, emotion, and behaviour

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17
Q

ACH

A

aceytlocholine: muscle movement, memory, sleep

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18
Q

noreadrenalin

A

learning, memory, wakefulness and eating

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19
Q

seratonin

A

mood, sleep, eating and arousal, pleasure/pain

20
Q

dopamine

A

voluntary movements, emotional arousal, learning, memory

21
Q

endorphin

A

inhibits transmisson of pain impulses (a neuromodulater)

22
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

contains all the neural structures that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Functions:
1- the input functions that enable us to sense what is going on inside and outside our bodies
2- the output functions that enable us to respond with out muscles or glands

23
Q

somatic nervous system

A

(peripheral nervous system)
- consists of sensory neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors and motor neurons that send messages from the brain to the spinal cord to the muscles that control the voluntary movement

24
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sense th bodys internal functions and controls the glands and the smooth involuntary muscles. It consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

has an activation or arousal function ad it tends to act as a total unit
- fight or flight response

26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slows down the bodys processes and maintains a state of homeostatsis

27
Q

central nervous system

A

contains the brain and the spinal cord which connects most parts of the peripheral nervous system with the brain

28
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalograph measures the activity of large groups of neurons through a series of large electrodes placed on the scalp

29
Q

CAT scans

A

x-ray technology to study brain structures

30
Q

MRI

A

creates images based on how atoms living in tissue respond to a magnetic pulse delivered by the device

31
Q

PET

A

measures brain activity including metabolism, blood flow and neurotransmitter activity

32
Q

fMRI

A

produce pictures of blood flow in the brain taken within seconds of one another

33
Q

cerebral cortex

A

is a sheet of grey cells that form the outermost layer of the human brain

34
Q

sensory cortex

A

specific areas of the cortex recieve input from our sensory receptors. The sensory cortext refers to these areas of the brain the recieve input from senses such as somatic sensory, auditory, visual and olfactory

35
Q

motor cortex

A

contains 3 areas:

  • primary: planning
  • pre-motor: selection of movements
  • supplementary: bimanual cooridnation
36
Q

auditory cortex

A

Processes sound

frequency, location, music, prosody, oral language

37
Q

thalamus

A

relay for incoming sensory information

38
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge of fibres passing information between two hemispheres

39
Q

hypothalumus

A

regulates basic biological needs: hungar, thirst, tempreture control

40
Q

piturity gland

A

master gland that regulates other glands

41
Q

medulla

A

regulates vital functions such as breathing and circulation

42
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

43
Q

wernikes area

A

speech understanding

44
Q

brocas area

A

speech formation

45
Q

the limbic system

A

is involved in processing of emotion, motivation and also learning and memory

46
Q

frequency tagging

A

sensory processing areas response time-locked to rhythm of sensation

Psychology 1101 (8 decks)

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