Chapter 7

Question 1

Primate societies are diverse in several ways. What are the three ways?

Answer 1

1. Primates express themselves socially through a range of behaviors. (Touching, grooming, vocalizing) 2. Complexly organized- within any primate group individuals represent different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances. 3. Form various social relationships for the long term- form relationships for immediate payoff (altruistic)

Question 2

Primate social behavior is influenced by ______.

Answer 2

Evolution

Question 3

_______ favors primate behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction.

Answer 3

Natural selection

Question 4

Primatologists explore the relationships between specific ______ behaviors and ___________.

Answer 4

Social and reproductive fitness

Question 5

Primates are sometimes not conscious of their actions but other times they strategize, ______ by observation and imitation.

Answer 5

Observation

Question 6

Males and females have _____ reproductive roles and very different life histories in adulthood.

Answer 6

Different

Question 7

Overall, _____ expend more energy in the creation and caring of offspring.

Answer 7

Females

Question 8

Asa general rule for many animals, those members of the sex that expends less energy int his way(males) compete more _____ among themselves for access to members of the set that expends more energy(females)

Answer 8

Aggressive

Question 9

_______ in body size and in canine size is considerably higher in such societies than in societies where the males do not compete.

Answer 9

Sexual dimorphism

Question 10

In societies, where males are related, live in the group in which they were born (natal group), and compete with related males, sexual dimorphism tends to be _______ than in groups where males disperse and compete with non related males.

Answer 10

Lower

Question 11

Primate social groups are strongly influenced by factors such as :

Answer 11

Food availability, environment, and competition

Question 12

Primatologists have identifies 6 main types or primate residence patterns:

Answer 12

One-male, multifemale; one-female multimale; multimale and multifemale; all-male; one-male one-female; solitary

Question 13

One-male, multi-female

Answer 13

Polygynous- one male has more than one primate; howler monkeys, some langurs, some old world monkeys (baboons)

Question 14

One-female, multimale

Answer 14

Polyandrous- one female mates with nonpolygyous males. The males often cooperate with the females in parenting activities. New world monkeys(rare)

Question 15

Multimale multifemale

Answer 15

Both sexes mate promiscuously. Competition tends to be low, especially among males. Many old world monkeys, few new world monkeys, and chimps

Question 16

All-male

Answer 16

Baboons; temporary groups. All-male groups commonly exist together with multimale multifemale groups

Question 17

One-male one-female

Answer 17

Mating is typically monogamous, male invests a relatively large amount of time and energy in young. Gibbons, siamangs, owl monkeys and marmosets, several prosimians

Question 18

Solitary

Answer 18

Orangutan sexual dimorphism is predictably quite high. Males that don’t get any tend to be more isolated.

Question 19

Sexual selection is responsible for:

Answer 19

Sexual dimorphism; great difference between males and females body shape

Question 20

Whereas males compete with each other for mates, females compete with each other for ________ that enable them to care for their young.

Answer 20

Resources

Question 21

Hierarchical ranks usually pass from _____ to _______, younger sisters usually rank higher than older sisters.

Answer 21

Mother to daughter

Question 22

The higher the rank, the _______ ability to acquire important resources such as food.

Answer 22

Greater

Question 23

Higher-ranked females also tend to have _____ females.

Answer 23

More

Question 24

Higher ranked females have more offspring because?

Answer 24

They start producing babies sooner

Question 25

Some female primates are relatively more selective in choosing mates than others, making the selection on the basis of characteristics such as :

Answer 25

Disposition, physical appearance, and position in social hierarchy

Question 26

Although competition is central to primate social behavior, primates are also highly ______ social animals.

Answer 26

Cooperative

Question 27

Chimpanzees:

Answer 27

Share food, issues warning calls, groom each other

Question 28

Grooming is used as a tool to:

Answer 28

Bond two members of a social group, calling the primate, or appeasing the primate if he or she has a higher position in a dominance hierarchy

Question 29

Some cooperative behaviors are _______, in that they appear to reduce the reproductive fitness of the individuals performing them but enhance the recipients reproductive fitness.

Answer 29

Altruistic

Question 30

Kin selection

Answer 30

The evolutionary benefits of an altruistic behavior to the kin group outweigh costs to the individual acting altruistically.

Question 31

_____ from predators would seem to be an important form of cooperative behavior.

Answer 31

Defense

Question 32

Predation is a very strong selective pressure, and mutual cooperation- _____- has been favored among primates because of the protection it provides.

Answer 32

Socialite

Question 33

Foraging on average an take up ____% of a primates waking time.

Answer 33

50

Question 34

Foraging is a burden on males or females?

Answer 34

Females

Question 35

That an adults females primates, a mothers energy requirement are between __ or __ times higher than a nonmothers.

Answer 35

2/5

Question 36

For the female primate, success in caring for young, both before and after their birth, is very much tied to _____.

Answer 36

Adequate nutrition

Question 37

Females with good nutrition have:

Answer 37

Young at an earlier age, healthier young, experience shorter intervals between births, and live longer

Question 38

Three key factors contribute to a female primates success at feeding:

Answer 38

Quality, distribution, and availability of food.

Question 39

Quality refers to food providing _____ and protein that are readily digestible.

Answer 39

Energy

Question 40

Distribution refers to the _____ of food across the landscape.

Answer 40

Locations

Question 41

Food availability can be highly ____. Depending on season. And rainfall,

Answer 41

Fluid

Question 42

Primates are generally restricted to ________.

Answer 42

Equatorial regions

Question 43

Goodall realized that one fundamental assumption about what it means to be humans- namely that material culture seemed _____.

Answer 43

Incorrect

Question 44

Scientists realized that living chimps tool use may be the best model for understanding our prehuman ancestors ___________.

Answer 44

Earliest cultures

Question 45

Anthropologists have identified three central features about chimps tool use:

Answer 45

1. Chimps are smart; complex cognitive skills and ability to understand symbolization 2. In natural settings where chimps have not been taught by humans, most of the tools chimps produce are for acquiring food. Creation of spear like object to skewer prosimians for food. 3. Tool production and tool use are sometimes highly localized. Meaning not every primate uses the same cultural adaptations.

Question 46

_________ use in primates is an important form of social and cultural transmission.

Answer 46

Tool

Question 47

All primates, from prosimians to apes, produce __________ of some type that serve various structure.

Answer 47

Vocalizations

Question 48

Vocal systems are rich and complex and largely under the __________.

Answer 48

Under callers control