Chapter 7 Flashcards
Primate societies are diverse in several ways. What are the three ways?
- Primates express themselves socially through a range of behaviors. (Touching, grooming, vocalizing) 2. Complexly organized- within any primate group individuals represent different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances. 3. Form various social relationships for the long term- form relationships for immediate payoff (altruistic)
Primate social behavior is influenced by ______.
Evolution
_______ favors primate behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction.
Natural selection
Primatologists explore the relationships between specific ______ behaviors and ___________.
Social and reproductive fitness
Primates are sometimes not conscious of their actions but other times they strategize, ______ by observation and imitation.
Observation
Males and females have _____ reproductive roles and very different life histories in adulthood.
Different
Overall, _____ expend more energy in the creation and caring of offspring.
Females
Asa general rule for many animals, those members of the sex that expends less energy int his way(males) compete more _____ among themselves for access to members of the set that expends more energy(females)
Aggressive
_______ in body size and in canine size is considerably higher in such societies than in societies where the males do not compete.
Sexual dimorphism
In societies, where males are related, live in the group in which they were born (natal group), and compete with related males, sexual dimorphism tends to be _______ than in groups where males disperse and compete with non related males.
Lower
Primate social groups are strongly influenced by factors such as :
Food availability, environment, and competition
Primatologists have identifies 6 main types or primate residence patterns:
One-male, multifemale; one-female multimale; multimale and multifemale; all-male; one-male one-female; solitary
One-male, multi-female
Polygynous- one male has more than one primate; howler monkeys, some langurs, some old world monkeys (baboons)
One-female, multimale
Polyandrous- one female mates with nonpolygyous males. The males often cooperate with the females in parenting activities. New world monkeys(rare)
Multimale multifemale
Both sexes mate promiscuously. Competition tends to be low, especially among males. Many old world monkeys, few new world monkeys, and chimps
All-male
Baboons; temporary groups. All-male groups commonly exist together with multimale multifemale groups
One-male one-female
Mating is typically monogamous, male invests a relatively large amount of time and energy in young. Gibbons, siamangs, owl monkeys and marmosets, several prosimians
Solitary
Orangutan sexual dimorphism is predictably quite high. Males that don’t get any tend to be more isolated.
Sexual selection is responsible for:
Sexual dimorphism; great difference between males and females body shape
Whereas males compete with each other for mates, females compete with each other for ________ that enable them to care for their young.
Resources
Hierarchical ranks usually pass from _____ to _______, younger sisters usually rank higher than older sisters.
Mother to daughter
The higher the rank, the _______ ability to acquire important resources such as food.
Greater
Higher-ranked females also tend to have _____ females.
More
Higher ranked females have more offspring because?
They start producing babies sooner
Some female primates are relatively more selective in choosing mates than others, making the selection on the basis of characteristics such as :
Disposition, physical appearance, and position in social hierarchy
Although competition is central to primate social behavior, primates are also highly ______ social animals.
Cooperative
Chimpanzees:
Share food, issues warning calls, groom each other
Grooming is used as a tool to:
Bond two members of a social group, calling the primate, or appeasing the primate if he or she has a higher position in a dominance hierarchy
Some cooperative behaviors are _______, in that they appear to reduce the reproductive fitness of the individuals performing them but enhance the recipients reproductive fitness.
Altruistic
Kin selection
The evolutionary benefits of an altruistic behavior to the kin group outweigh costs to the individual acting altruistically.
_____ from predators would seem to be an important form of cooperative behavior.
Defense
Predation is a very strong selective pressure, and mutual cooperation- _____- has been favored among primates because of the protection it provides.
Socialite
Foraging on average an take up ____% of a primates waking time.
50
Foraging is a burden on males or females?
Females
That an adults females primates, a mothers energy requirement are between __ or __ times higher than a nonmothers.
2/5
For the female primate, success in caring for young, both before and after their birth, is very much tied to _____.
Adequate nutrition
Females with good nutrition have:
Young at an earlier age, healthier young, experience shorter intervals between births, and live longer
Three key factors contribute to a female primates success at feeding:
Quality, distribution, and availability of food.
Quality refers to food providing _____ and protein that are readily digestible.
Energy
Distribution refers to the _____ of food across the landscape.
Locations
Food availability can be highly ____. Depending on season. And rainfall,
Fluid
Primates are generally restricted to ________.
Equatorial regions
Goodall realized that one fundamental assumption about what it means to be humans- namely that material culture seemed _____.
Incorrect
Scientists realized that living chimps tool use may be the best model for understanding our prehuman ancestors ___________.
Earliest cultures
Anthropologists have identified three central features about chimps tool use:
- Chimps are smart; complex cognitive skills and ability to understand symbolization 2. In natural settings where chimps have not been taught by humans, most of the tools chimps produce are for acquiring food. Creation of spear like object to skewer prosimians for food. 3. Tool production and tool use are sometimes highly localized. Meaning not every primate uses the same cultural adaptations.
_________ use in primates is an important form of social and cultural transmission.
Tool
All primates, from prosimians to apes, produce __________ of some type that serve various structure.
Vocalizations
Vocal systems are rich and complex and largely under the __________.
Under callers control
