Chapter 6 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Arboreal adaptation
A
A suite of physical traits that enable an organisms to live in trees
2
Q
Dietary plasticity
A
A diets flexibility in adapting to a given environment
3
Q
Parental investment
A
The time and energy patents expend for their off springs benefit
4
Q
Opposable
A
Refers to primates thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability
5
Q
Power grip
A
A fistlike grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposable directions
6
Q
Precision grip
A
A precise grip in which the tips of the fingers and thumbs come together, enabling fine manipulation
7
Q
Preadaptation
A
An organisms use if a anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the features original function.
8
Q
Diurnal
A
Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during daylight hours
9
Q
Rhinarium
A
The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals
10
Q
Dental formula
A
The numerical description of a species teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
11
Q
Loph
A
An enamel ridge connecting cusps on a tooths surface
12
Q
Bilophodont
A
Refers to lower molars, in old world monkeys, that have two ridges
13
Q
Y-5
A
Hominoids pattern of lower molar cusps
14
Q
Tooth comb
A
Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward creating a scraper
15
Q
Canine-premolars honing complex
A
The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed
16
Q
Diastema
A
Space between two teeth
17
Q
Sectorial (premolars)
A
Refers to premolars adapted for cutting
18
Q
Olfactory bulb
A
The portion of the anterior brain that detects odors
19
Q
Primitive characteristics
A
Characteristics present in multiple species of a group
20
Q
Derived characteristics
A
Characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group
21
Q
Phylogeny
A
The evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms
22
Q
Hominin
A
Humans and humans ancestors in a more recent evolutionary taxonomy; based on genetics
23
Q
Prehensile tail
A
A tail acts as a kind of a hand for support in trees, common in new world monkeys
24
Q
Brachiators
A
Organisms that move by brachiate, or arm-swinging
25
The British anatomist Sir Wilfred E. Le Gros Clark identified three prominent tendencies:
Arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, parental investment
26
The _____ acts as a strut, keeping the upper limbs to the sides of the body.
Collarbone
27
______ have the longest thumbs.
Humans
28
The body trunk of primates tends to be _______, such as when the primate swings from tree to tree.
Vertical orientated
28
The vertical tendency in a presumably ancestor was an essential ______ to humans bipedalism
Preadaptation
29
On the inside surfaces of fingers and toes and palms of hands, the skin surface is covered with a series of fine ridges called _______
Dermal ridges
30
These ridges _____ tactile sense, and they _____ the amount of friction, or resistance to slipping, when grasping an object.
Increase
31
Nails are made of keratin, strong protein found in hair, these nails may _____ the ends of the fingers and toes.
Protect
32
Nails provide ______ support to the ends of the fingers and ties by spreading out the forces generated in the digits by ________.
Broad, gripping
33
Primates enhanced sense of visions stems from two developments in evolutionary history:
Eyes rotated forward to the front of head, color vision has evolved
34
What is the significance of eyes rotated forward?
Two fields of vision overlap producing depth perception
35
Color vision likely evolved as early primates shifted from nocturnal adaptation to _______ adaptation
Diurnal
36
Most primates, enhanced vision led to _____ sense of smell and hearing.
Decreased
37
Most primates lost the _______, external wet nose,and _______
Rhinarium, long snout
38
Which primates retain this primitive feature? Example include:
Prosimians (not all) lemurs and lorises
39
Which primate has retained a large snout to accommodate massive canine root, especially in adult males.
Baboons
40
Which anatomical feature of primates reflects their high degree of dietary diversity?
Primitive dental characteristics
41
What are the four distinct tooth types:
Incisors, canines, molars, premolars
42
Primates early mammalian ancestor had a dental formula of:
3/1/4/3 ICPM
43
Old world higher primates (anthropoids) have a dental formula of:
2/1/2/3
44
New world primates dental formula is:
2/1/3/3
45
Over the course of the orders evolution primates teeth have ______ in number
Decreased
46
_________ and _______ of primates have undergone little evolutionary change compared with those of other mammals.
Premolars and molars
47
What are the two types of cusps on primates and what are their functions?
Occlusal- puncturing and crushing ;crests- shearing leaves
48
Molars of monkeys, apes, and humans have ______ surfaces.
Occlusal
49
Old world monkeys have_____, lower molars that have two ridges.
Bilophodont
50
Apes and humans upper molars generally have __ cusps, separated by grooves while there lower molars have __ cusps.
4/5
51
Each pair of cusps, front and back are connected by an enamel ridge, ______
Loph
52
A_____ groove is dominant with the fork of the ___ directed toward the outside of tooth
Y-shaped, Y
53
While most primates incisors are ____,vertically orientated. Many prosimians lower incisors are _______ , crowded together, and projected forward
Flat, elongated
54
The small, vertical, incisor-shaped canine appears only in ________
Humans
55
The projected, pointed canine is present in all _______.
Monkeys and apes
56
In old world monkeys and apes, the canines are part of a _______,in which the upper canine fits in a space called a ______, between the lower canine and lower third molar.
Canine-premolar honing complex; diastema
57
When the primate chews (if they have a canine-premolar complex) the movement of the back of the upper canine against the front of the lower first premolar creates a _______ edge on each if the two teeth.
Sharpened
58
The lower third premolar is ______ meaning that it has a single dominant cusp and a sharp cutting edge.
Sectorial
59
Orangutans and humans have ______ enamel, whereas chimps and gorillas have _____ enamel.
Thick, thin
60
Thick enamel reflects an adaptation to eating ________.
Tough hard foods
61
The back portion of the brain where visual signals are processed is ______ in primates.
Expanded
62
The order primates has two suborders:
Prosimians and anthropoids
63
Prosimians are referred to as _____ and maintain many ______ such as a rhinarium and the to have more specialized diets and behaviors than anthropoids.
Lower or lesser primates, primitive characteristics
64
Examples of prosimians:
Lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers
65
Anthropoids are known as ______.
Higher primates
66
Anthropoids include:
Monkeys (old world and new world), apes, (lesser and great apes) and humans (hominids)
67
Higher primates fall into 2 infra orders ______ (new world higher primates) and _______ (old world higher primates)
Platyrrhines and catarhines
68
The major primate groups and the taxa included in them are distinguished by their ______ and ______ characteristics.
Anatomical and adaptive
69
These differences matter because:
They are a means of understanding primate variation and key characteristics of the different primate taxa appear at specific points in the evolutionary record.
70
It is important to know about the physical differences between primate taxa because the variation in the living primates provides:
Models for understanding the morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
71
Anatomical and genetic classification produce ______ results.
Different
72
The anatomical classification includes three families:
Hylobatids(gibbons), pongids( great apes), and hominids (humans)
73
In acquiring food, _________ rely heavily developed sense of _____.
Prosimians, smell
74
Prosimians have an enlarged _____, _______, _______, large and distinct _______.
Nasal passage,rhinarium, sweat gland, olfactory bulb
75
Prosimians have a combination of ______ and ______, and their fingers are far less ______ than other primates.
Claws and nails, dexterous
76
Ring tailed lemurs, among the most adaptable prosimians, spend considerable amount of time on ______.
Land
77
In evolutionary history ___________, are among the oldest primates.
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
78
Lemurs make up ____% of primate genera worldwide
21
79
______ live in africa and Southeast Asia, _____ live in Africa.
Lorises, galagos
80
Tarsiers which live in Southeast Asia, are _____.
Primitive
81
Tarsiers look more like ______.
Anthropoids
82
Anthropoids have _____ teeth (premolars) their eyes are ______ and enclosed by a ________, and see _____.
Fewer; convergent;continuous ring of bone; color
83
What differentiates platyrrhines and catarrhines?
Morphology of their noses
84
Platyrrhines nostrils are _____ and separated by aside nasal strip.
Wide
85
Catarrhines nostrils are ______ and point ______
Close together and downward; (hook nosed)
86
Atelines are distinctive in that each of its four types have a _____
Prehensile tail
87
The one superfamily of platyrrhines (new world monkeys)
Ceboids
88
The two ceboid families are:
Cebids and atelids
89
Cebids and atelids are widespread in:
Latin America
90
Ceboid are ______ and have a _____ diet
Arboreal, diverse
91
The old world monkeys, ________, are the most diverse and most successful nonhuman primates.
Cercopithecoids
92
_________ have bilophodont upper and lower molars, narrow face, a sitting pad on the rear, and a long body trunk that terminates with a nonprehensile tail.
Cercopithecoids
93
The only great ape that lives in Asia is:
Orangutan
94
The great apes if Africa (chimps, bonobo, and gorilla) are restricted to small ______
Equatorial areas
95
________ have large brains, broad faces, premolars and molars with occlusal surface relief,and y-5 molars
Hominoids
96
All ____ have the canine premolar honing complex
Apes
97
None of the _____ have external tails.
Hominoids
98
Gibbons and siamangs are skilled _____, using their arms to swing from tree to tree
Brachiators
99
In apes the position of the foramen magnum is ________, while in humans it is ______.
Toward back of skull, bottom of skull
100
In apes medius and minimus gluteal muscles pull _____ extending the leg at the hip.
The leg backward
