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Anthropology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Arboreal adaptation

A

A suite of physical traits that enable an organisms to live in trees

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2
Q

Dietary plasticity

A

A diets flexibility in adapting to a given environment

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3
Q

Parental investment

A

The time and energy patents expend for their off springs benefit

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4
Q

Opposable

A

Refers to primates thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability

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5
Q

Power grip

A

A fistlike grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposable directions

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6
Q

Precision grip

A

A precise grip in which the tips of the fingers and thumbs come together, enabling fine manipulation

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7
Q

Preadaptation

A

An organisms use if a anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the features original function.

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8
Q

Diurnal

A

Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during daylight hours

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9
Q

Rhinarium

A

The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals

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10
Q

Dental formula

A

The numerical description of a species teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

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11
Q

Loph

A

An enamel ridge connecting cusps on a tooths surface

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12
Q

Bilophodont

A

Refers to lower molars, in old world monkeys, that have two ridges

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13
Q

Y-5

A

Hominoids pattern of lower molar cusps

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14
Q

Tooth comb

A

Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward creating a scraper

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15
Q

Canine-premolars honing complex

A

The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed

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16
Q

Diastema

A

Space between two teeth

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17
Q

Sectorial (premolars)

A

Refers to premolars adapted for cutting

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18
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

The portion of the anterior brain that detects odors

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19
Q

Primitive characteristics

A

Characteristics present in multiple species of a group

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20
Q

Derived characteristics

A

Characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group

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21
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms

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22
Q

Hominin

A

Humans and humans ancestors in a more recent evolutionary taxonomy; based on genetics

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23
Q

Prehensile tail

A

A tail acts as a kind of a hand for support in trees, common in new world monkeys

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24
Q

Brachiators

A

Organisms that move by brachiate, or arm-swinging

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25
Q

The British anatomist Sir Wilfred E. Le Gros Clark identified three prominent tendencies:

A

Arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, parental investment

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26
Q

The _____ acts as a strut, keeping the upper limbs to the sides of the body.

A

Collarbone

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27
Q

______ have the longest thumbs.

A

Humans

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28
Q

The body trunk of primates tends to be _______, such as when the primate swings from tree to tree.

A

Vertical orientated

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28
Q

The vertical tendency in a presumably ancestor was an essential ______ to humans bipedalism

A

Preadaptation

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29
Q

On the inside surfaces of fingers and toes and palms of hands, the skin surface is covered with a series of fine ridges called _______

A

Dermal ridges

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30
Q

These ridges _____ tactile sense, and they _____ the amount of friction, or resistance to slipping, when grasping an object.

A

Increase

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31
Q

Nails are made of keratin, strong protein found in hair, these nails may _____ the ends of the fingers and toes.

A

Protect

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32
Q

Nails provide ______ support to the ends of the fingers and ties by spreading out the forces generated in the digits by ________.

A

Broad, gripping

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33
Q

Primates enhanced sense of visions stems from two developments in evolutionary history:

A

Eyes rotated forward to the front of head, color vision has evolved

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34
Q

What is the significance of eyes rotated forward?

A

Two fields of vision overlap producing depth perception

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35
Q

Color vision likely evolved as early primates shifted from nocturnal adaptation to _______ adaptation

A

Diurnal

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36
Q

Most primates, enhanced vision led to _____ sense of smell and hearing.

A

Decreased

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37
Q

Most primates lost the _______, external wet nose,and _______

A

Rhinarium, long snout

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38
Q

Which primates retain this primitive feature? Example include:

A

Prosimians (not all) lemurs and lorises

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39
Q

Which primate has retained a large snout to accommodate massive canine root, especially in adult males.

A

Baboons

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40
Q

Which anatomical feature of primates reflects their high degree of dietary diversity?

A

Primitive dental characteristics

41
Q

What are the four distinct tooth types:

A

Incisors, canines, molars, premolars

42
Q

Primates early mammalian ancestor had a dental formula of:

A

3/1/4/3 ICPM

43
Q

Old world higher primates (anthropoids) have a dental formula of:

A

2/1/2/3

44
Q

New world primates dental formula is:

A

2/1/3/3

45
Q

Over the course of the orders evolution primates teeth have ______ in number

A

Decreased

46
Q

_________ and _______ of primates have undergone little evolutionary change compared with those of other mammals.

A

Premolars and molars

47
Q

What are the two types of cusps on primates and what are their functions?

A

Occlusal- puncturing and crushing ;crests- shearing leaves

48
Q

Molars of monkeys, apes, and humans have ______ surfaces.

A

Occlusal

49
Q

Old world monkeys have_____, lower molars that have two ridges.

A

Bilophodont

50
Q

Apes and humans upper molars generally have __ cusps, separated by grooves while there lower molars have __ cusps.

A

4/5

51
Q

Each pair of cusps, front and back are connected by an enamel ridge, ______

A

Loph

52
Q

A_____ groove is dominant with the fork of the ___ directed toward the outside of tooth

A

Y-shaped, Y

53
Q

While most primates incisors are ____,vertically orientated. Many prosimians lower incisors are _______ , crowded together, and projected forward

A

Flat, elongated

54
Q

The small, vertical, incisor-shaped canine appears only in ________

A

Humans

55
Q

The projected, pointed canine is present in all _______.

A

Monkeys and apes

56
Q

In old world monkeys and apes, the canines are part of a _______,in which the upper canine fits in a space called a ______, between the lower canine and lower third molar.

A

Canine-premolar honing complex; diastema

57
Q

When the primate chews (if they have a canine-premolar complex) the movement of the back of the upper canine against the front of the lower first premolar creates a _______ edge on each if the two teeth.

A

Sharpened

58
Q

The lower third premolar is ______ meaning that it has a single dominant cusp and a sharp cutting edge.

A

Sectorial

59
Q

Orangutans and humans have ______ enamel, whereas chimps and gorillas have _____ enamel.

A

Thick, thin

60
Q

Thick enamel reflects an adaptation to eating ________.

A

Tough hard foods

61
Q

The back portion of the brain where visual signals are processed is ______ in primates.

A

Expanded

62
Q

The order primates has two suborders:

A

Prosimians and anthropoids

63
Q

Prosimians are referred to as _____ and maintain many ______ such as a rhinarium and the to have more specialized diets and behaviors than anthropoids.

A

Lower or lesser primates, primitive characteristics

64
Q

Examples of prosimians:

A

Lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

65
Q

Anthropoids are known as ______.

A

Higher primates

66
Q

Anthropoids include:

A

Monkeys (old world and new world), apes, (lesser and great apes) and humans (hominids)

67
Q

Higher primates fall into 2 infra orders ______ (new world higher primates) and _______ (old world higher primates)

A

Platyrrhines and catarhines

68
Q

The major primate groups and the taxa included in them are distinguished by their ______ and ______ characteristics.

A

Anatomical and adaptive

69
Q

These differences matter because:

A

They are a means of understanding primate variation and key characteristics of the different primate taxa appear at specific points in the evolutionary record.

70
Q

It is important to know about the physical differences between primate taxa because the variation in the living primates provides:

A

Models for understanding the morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.

71
Q

Anatomical and genetic classification produce ______ results.

A

Different

72
Q

The anatomical classification includes three families:

A

Hylobatids(gibbons), pongids( great apes), and hominids (humans)

73
Q

In acquiring food, _________ rely heavily developed sense of _____.

A

Prosimians, smell

74
Q

Prosimians have an enlarged _____, _______, _______, large and distinct _______.

A

Nasal passage,rhinarium, sweat gland, olfactory bulb

75
Q

Prosimians have a combination of ______ and ______, and their fingers are far less ______ than other primates.

A

Claws and nails, dexterous

76
Q

Ring tailed lemurs, among the most adaptable prosimians, spend considerable amount of time on ______.

A

Land

77
Q

In evolutionary history ___________, are among the oldest primates.

A

Lemurs, lorises, galagos

78
Q

Lemurs make up ____% of primate genera worldwide

A

21

79
Q

______ live in africa and Southeast Asia, _____ live in Africa.

A

Lorises, galagos

80
Q

Tarsiers which live in Southeast Asia, are _____.

A

Primitive

81
Q

Tarsiers look more like ______.

A

Anthropoids

82
Q

Anthropoids have _____ teeth (premolars) their eyes are ______ and enclosed by a ________, and see _____.

A

Fewer; convergent;continuous ring of bone; color

83
Q

What differentiates platyrrhines and catarrhines?

A

Morphology of their noses

84
Q

Platyrrhines nostrils are _____ and separated by aside nasal strip.

A

Wide

85
Q

Catarrhines nostrils are ______ and point ______

A

Close together and downward; (hook nosed)

86
Q

Atelines are distinctive in that each of its four types have a _____

A

Prehensile tail

87
Q

The one superfamily of platyrrhines (new world monkeys)

A

Ceboids

88
Q

The two ceboid families are:

A

Cebids and atelids

89
Q

Cebids and atelids are widespread in:

A

Latin America

90
Q

Ceboid are ______ and have a _____ diet

A

Arboreal, diverse

91
Q

The old world monkeys, ________, are the most diverse and most successful nonhuman primates.

A

Cercopithecoids

92
Q

_________ have bilophodont upper and lower molars, narrow face, a sitting pad on the rear, and a long body trunk that terminates with a nonprehensile tail.

A

Cercopithecoids

93
Q

The only great ape that lives in Asia is:

A

Orangutan

94
Q

The great apes if Africa (chimps, bonobo, and gorilla) are restricted to small ______

A

Equatorial areas

95
Q

________ have large brains, broad faces, premolars and molars with occlusal surface relief,and y-5 molars

A

Hominoids

96
Q

All ____ have the canine premolar honing complex

A

Apes

97
Q

None of the _____ have external tails.

A

Hominoids

98
Q

Gibbons and siamangs are skilled _____, using their arms to swing from tree to tree

A

Brachiators

99
Q

In apes the position of the foramen magnum is ________, while in humans it is ______.

A

Toward back of skull, bottom of skull

100
Q

In apes medius and minimus gluteal muscles pull _____ extending the leg at the hip.

A

The leg backward

Anthropology (4 decks)

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