Chapter 6 Flashcards
Arboreal adaptation
A suite of physical traits that enable an organisms to live in trees
Dietary plasticity
A diets flexibility in adapting to a given environment
Parental investment
The time and energy patents expend for their off springs benefit
Opposable
Refers to primates thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability
Power grip
A fistlike grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposable directions
Precision grip
A precise grip in which the tips of the fingers and thumbs come together, enabling fine manipulation
Preadaptation
An organisms use if a anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the features original function.
Diurnal
Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during daylight hours
Rhinarium
The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals
Dental formula
The numerical description of a species teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
Loph
An enamel ridge connecting cusps on a tooths surface
Bilophodont
Refers to lower molars, in old world monkeys, that have two ridges
Y-5
Hominoids pattern of lower molar cusps
Tooth comb
Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward creating a scraper
Canine-premolars honing complex
The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed
Diastema
Space between two teeth
Sectorial (premolars)
Refers to premolars adapted for cutting
Olfactory bulb
The portion of the anterior brain that detects odors
Primitive characteristics
Characteristics present in multiple species of a group
Derived characteristics
Characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group
Phylogeny
The evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms
Hominin
Humans and humans ancestors in a more recent evolutionary taxonomy; based on genetics
Prehensile tail
A tail acts as a kind of a hand for support in trees, common in new world monkeys
Brachiators
Organisms that move by brachiate, or arm-swinging
The British anatomist Sir Wilfred E. Le Gros Clark identified three prominent tendencies:
Arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, parental investment
The _____ acts as a strut, keeping the upper limbs to the sides of the body.
Collarbone
______ have the longest thumbs.
Humans
The body trunk of primates tends to be _______, such as when the primate swings from tree to tree.
Vertical orientated
The vertical tendency in a presumably ancestor was an essential ______ to humans bipedalism
Preadaptation
On the inside surfaces of fingers and toes and palms of hands, the skin surface is covered with a series of fine ridges called _______
Dermal ridges
These ridges _____ tactile sense, and they _____ the amount of friction, or resistance to slipping, when grasping an object.
Increase
Nails are made of keratin, strong protein found in hair, these nails may _____ the ends of the fingers and toes.
Protect
Nails provide ______ support to the ends of the fingers and ties by spreading out the forces generated in the digits by ________.
Broad, gripping
Primates enhanced sense of visions stems from two developments in evolutionary history:
Eyes rotated forward to the front of head, color vision has evolved
What is the significance of eyes rotated forward?
Two fields of vision overlap producing depth perception
Color vision likely evolved as early primates shifted from nocturnal adaptation to _______ adaptation
Diurnal
Most primates, enhanced vision led to _____ sense of smell and hearing.
Decreased
Most primates lost the _______, external wet nose,and _______
Rhinarium, long snout
Which primates retain this primitive feature? Example include:
Prosimians (not all) lemurs and lorises
Which primate has retained a large snout to accommodate massive canine root, especially in adult males.
Baboons
Which anatomical feature of primates reflects their high degree of dietary diversity?
Primitive dental characteristics
What are the four distinct tooth types:
Incisors, canines, molars, premolars
Primates early mammalian ancestor had a dental formula of:
3/1/4/3 ICPM
Old world higher primates (anthropoids) have a dental formula of:
2/1/2/3
New world primates dental formula is:
2/1/3/3
Over the course of the orders evolution primates teeth have ______ in number
Decreased
_________ and _______ of primates have undergone little evolutionary change compared with those of other mammals.
Premolars and molars
What are the two types of cusps on primates and what are their functions?
Occlusal- puncturing and crushing ;crests- shearing leaves
Molars of monkeys, apes, and humans have ______ surfaces.
Occlusal
Old world monkeys have_____, lower molars that have two ridges.
Bilophodont
Apes and humans upper molars generally have __ cusps, separated by grooves while there lower molars have __ cusps.
4/5
Each pair of cusps, front and back are connected by an enamel ridge, ______
Loph
A_____ groove is dominant with the fork of the ___ directed toward the outside of tooth
Y-shaped, Y
While most primates incisors are ____,vertically orientated. Many prosimians lower incisors are _______ , crowded together, and projected forward
Flat, elongated
The small, vertical, incisor-shaped canine appears only in ________
Humans
The projected, pointed canine is present in all _______.
Monkeys and apes
In old world monkeys and apes, the canines are part of a _______,in which the upper canine fits in a space called a ______, between the lower canine and lower third molar.
Canine-premolar honing complex; diastema
When the primate chews (if they have a canine-premolar complex) the movement of the back of the upper canine against the front of the lower first premolar creates a _______ edge on each if the two teeth.
Sharpened
The lower third premolar is ______ meaning that it has a single dominant cusp and a sharp cutting edge.
Sectorial
Orangutans and humans have ______ enamel, whereas chimps and gorillas have _____ enamel.
Thick, thin
Thick enamel reflects an adaptation to eating ________.
Tough hard foods
The back portion of the brain where visual signals are processed is ______ in primates.
Expanded
The order primates has two suborders:
Prosimians and anthropoids
Prosimians are referred to as _____ and maintain many ______ such as a rhinarium and the to have more specialized diets and behaviors than anthropoids.
Lower or lesser primates, primitive characteristics
Examples of prosimians:
Lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers
Anthropoids are known as ______.
Higher primates
Anthropoids include:
Monkeys (old world and new world), apes, (lesser and great apes) and humans (hominids)
Higher primates fall into 2 infra orders ______ (new world higher primates) and _______ (old world higher primates)
Platyrrhines and catarhines
The major primate groups and the taxa included in them are distinguished by their ______ and ______ characteristics.
Anatomical and adaptive
These differences matter because:
They are a means of understanding primate variation and key characteristics of the different primate taxa appear at specific points in the evolutionary record.
It is important to know about the physical differences between primate taxa because the variation in the living primates provides:
Models for understanding the morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
Anatomical and genetic classification produce ______ results.
Different
The anatomical classification includes three families:
Hylobatids(gibbons), pongids( great apes), and hominids (humans)
In acquiring food, _________ rely heavily developed sense of _____.
Prosimians, smell
Prosimians have an enlarged _____, _______, _______, large and distinct _______.
Nasal passage,rhinarium, sweat gland, olfactory bulb
Prosimians have a combination of ______ and ______, and their fingers are far less ______ than other primates.
Claws and nails, dexterous
Ring tailed lemurs, among the most adaptable prosimians, spend considerable amount of time on ______.
Land
In evolutionary history ___________, are among the oldest primates.
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Lemurs make up ____% of primate genera worldwide
21
______ live in africa and Southeast Asia, _____ live in Africa.
Lorises, galagos
Tarsiers which live in Southeast Asia, are _____.
Primitive
Tarsiers look more like ______.
Anthropoids
Anthropoids have _____ teeth (premolars) their eyes are ______ and enclosed by a ________, and see _____.
Fewer; convergent;continuous ring of bone; color
What differentiates platyrrhines and catarrhines?
Morphology of their noses
Platyrrhines nostrils are _____ and separated by aside nasal strip.
Wide
Catarrhines nostrils are ______ and point ______
Close together and downward; (hook nosed)
Atelines are distinctive in that each of its four types have a _____
Prehensile tail
The one superfamily of platyrrhines (new world monkeys)
Ceboids
The two ceboid families are:
Cebids and atelids
Cebids and atelids are widespread in:
Latin America
Ceboid are ______ and have a _____ diet
Arboreal, diverse
The old world monkeys, ________, are the most diverse and most successful nonhuman primates.
Cercopithecoids
_________ have bilophodont upper and lower molars, narrow face, a sitting pad on the rear, and a long body trunk that terminates with a nonprehensile tail.
Cercopithecoids
The only great ape that lives in Asia is:
Orangutan
The great apes if Africa (chimps, bonobo, and gorilla) are restricted to small ______
Equatorial areas
________ have large brains, broad faces, premolars and molars with occlusal surface relief,and y-5 molars
Hominoids
All ____ have the canine premolar honing complex
Apes
None of the _____ have external tails.
Hominoids
Gibbons and siamangs are skilled _____, using their arms to swing from tree to tree
Brachiators
In apes the position of the foramen magnum is ________, while in humans it is ______.
Toward back of skull, bottom of skull
In apes medius and minimus gluteal muscles pull _____ extending the leg at the hip.
The leg backward
