Chapter 5 Flashcards
Cline
Gradual change in some phenotypic characteristics from one population to the next
Life history
The timing and details of growth events development events from conception through senescence and death
Stressors
Any factor that can cause stress in an organism , potentially affecting the body’s proper functioning and its homeostasis
Deciduous dentition
Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, that is the first set of teeth, which forms in utero and erupt shortly after birth.
Weaning
Process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother
Motor skills
Refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles
Cognitive abilities
Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environments
Menarche
Refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female
Sexual dimorphism
A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species
Epiphyses
The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the diaphysis, the bones stop growing longer
Diaphyses
The main midsection, or shaft, portions of lo bones; each contains a medullary cavity
Nonmineralized
Refers to bone reduced to its organic component
Secular trend
Phenotypic change due to multiple factors. Such trends can be positive (increased height) or negative (decreased height)
Senescence
Refers to an organisms biological changes in later adulthood
Anthropometry
Measurement of the human body
Functional adaptation
Biological changes that occur during an individuals lifetime, increasing the individuals fitness in the environment
Homeothermic
Refers to an organisms ability to maintain a constant body temp despite great variations in environmental temp
Vasodilation
The increase in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug, it can also occurs in response to hot temperatures
Bergmanns rule
The principle that an animals size is heat related; smaller bodies are adopted to hot environments and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments
Allen’s rule
The principle that an animals limb lungs are heat related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments
Hypothermia
Condition in which an organisms body temp falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and eventually death
Vasoconstriction
The decrease in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; also on a response to cold temp
Skin reflectance
Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color.
Melanocytes
Melanin producing cells located in the skins epidermis
Melanin
Brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a humans skin color due to its concentration in the skin
Macronutrients
Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbs, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally
Micronutrients
Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning
Hypercholesterolemia
Presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organisms blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promoted high cholesterol or through the inheritance of a generic disorder
________ created a classification system for humans based on the shapes of crania he collected.
Johann blumenbach
Blumenbach’s 5 races of people:
Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and caucasoids
________ found that the so-called races accumulated only 5%-10% of genetic diversity.
Lewontin
The best example of clinal variation is?
Skim pigmentation of living people
The single strongest factor in determining skin pigmentation is
Ultraviolet radiation
What are the three stages of life?
Prenatal, postnatal, and adult stage
Prenatal stage is:
Includes 3 trimesters of pregnancy and ends with birth
Postnatal stage:
Includes neonatal stage ( first month), infancy ( second mon and end of lactation, usually by end of third year)m childhood (3-7), the juvenile period (7-10 for girls and 7-12 for boys), puberty, adolescence (5-10 after puberty)
Adult stage:
Includes reproductive period (20 to end of childbearing years) and senescence
This semester the embryo is most susceptible to disruption or disease caused by mutation?
First
Most infant deaths are caused by what?
Low birth weights
Each of the five postnatal periods has a different ______, or rate of growth per year.
Growth velocity
_____ such as walking and running develop during the first two years.
Motor skills
By about age ___, permanent teeth begin to replace primary teeth, and brain growth is completed.
6
Prior to the completion of growth, the ends of long bones- humerus, radius, and ulna in the arm are separate growth centers called
Epiphyses
While bone growth and epiphyseal fusion are influenced by genes and sex hormones the amount of growth and the terminal length of bones are strongly affected by_______.
Environment
Areas of the world experiencing nutritional stress, adults are _____ owing to lifelong nutritional deprivation.
Short
In adulthood growth and development involve the:
Replacement of cells and tissues
In a persons lifetime nearly every cell and tissue in the body has been replaced at least once every ______ years.
7
Senescence is a biological process characterized by a reduction in______, the body’s ability to keep its organs and physiological systems stable in face on environmental stress.
Homeostasis
Whereas the previous life stages are generally predictable in their timing, the chronology of _____ is highly predictable
Senescence
What two behaviors make possible the survival and adaptive success of humans and other primates:
Acquisition of food and reproduction
Humans are the only primates that experience prolonged _________ survival.
Postmenopausal
Because older people can become key repository of knowledge about culture and society, longevity may have a selective _____ in humans but not in other primates.
Advantage
What are the four adaptations?
Genetic, developmental, acclimatization, cultural adaptation
What is genetic adaptation.
Occurs at population level via natural selection, biological change is inherited and is not reversible (sickle cell)
What is developmental adaptation?
(Ontogenic) occurs during a critical period of growth. The capacity to make the change is inherited but the change is not inherited and is not resistible. Example children living at high altitudes develop greater cheat size prior to reaching adulthood.
What is acclimatization adaptation?
(Physiological) occurs at individual level, can occur at any time of life. Kind of adaptation a that change is not inherited and can be reversed. Example exposure to sun light can give you a tan.
What is cultural adaptation?
(Behavioral) use of materials to make living in certain settings possible. Example wearing insulated clothes keeps people from freezing in extreme cold.
The American anthropologist frisancho applies the term ______ to the biological adjustments that occur within the individuals lifetime.
Functional adaptations
All adaptations have one purpose:
Maintenance of internal homeostasis
Involves the study of populations in their natural environments
Indirect approaches
The observation of livi people as they engage in various activities in various settings provide great insight into _______ , helping establish associations between specific biological attributes and environmental settings or circumstances,
Functional adaptations
Involve the replication of environmental conditions and of human responses to these conditions.
Direct approaches
Anthropologists use direct approach to determine what?
Cause and effect relationships, body’s response to cold weather
______ is produced by the body’s metabolism, especially during activities involving movement.
Internal heat
_____ is derived from the air temperature
External heat
The initial physiological response to an elevated temperature is _______.
Vasodilation
Sweating evolved as a ______ in association with the general loss of body hair.
Thermoregulatory adaptation
The adaptation to warm climates involves:
Lowering of body’s core temperature, lowering of threshold for she vasodilation and sweating begin, and reduction of heart rate and metabolic rate
_______ are less able to tolerate heat than _____, in part due to a relatively reduced ability to move blood to the skin through vasodilation and the presence of greater body fat.
Woman, men
Relative to body volume, ____ bodies have more surface area, facilitating more-rapid heat dissipation.
Small
This long term association between body shape and climates means:
Shape is mostly genetic adaptation
Ultimately, body shape and morphology reflect:
Evolutionary and developmental processes
The humans first response to cold stress is ______
vasoconstriction
The chief mechanism for producing heat is_____
Shivering
To measure heat production, anthropologists take a specific kind of measurement called______.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Indigenous people living in cold settings, such as Indians at high altitudes in Andes, have significantly _____ higher BMR than do other human populations.
Higher
The iniquities have a high BMR because of _____.
Their diet
Inuit eat a diet rich in what? And low in what?
Protein and low in carb
One of the most profound environmental factors that humans deal with daily is _______.
Solar radiation
Solar radiation plays a central role in the evolution and developmental of _______.
Skin color
What is the largest organ?
Skin
The darkest skin (low skin reflectance) is associated with ___ UV radiation, while the lightest skin (low skin reflectance) is associated with the _____ UV radiation.
Highest, lowest
Higher altitudes have ______ skin.
Darker
Individuals living in lower altitudes or equatorial regions of the globe have _____ pigmentation a due to more direct and prolonged UV radiation
Darker skin
As latitude _____, the amount of UV radiation ______.
Increases, decreases
Melanin is a natural sunscreen, individuals with ____ melanin content receive the most protection.
Higher
Dark-skinned people have a SPF of ___; light skinned people have an SPF of ____.
10-15, 2-3
Skin cancer is not an element of ______.
Natural selection
The body needs UV radiation for the synthesis of _____, a steroid that regulated calcium absorption and mineralization of skeletons.
Vitamin D
Most vitamin D is produced:
In the skin
______, the primary influence of vitamin D synthesis is advantageous and disadvantageous.
Melanin
High latitudes with less UV radiation ______ with less melanin is preferred.
Lighter skin
Melanin provides protection from ______, substantial amounts of this pigment can inhibit vitamin D production.
Solar radiation
Skin needs t be ___ enough to protect from UV radiation but _____ enough to allow solar radiation sufficient for vitamin D production
Dark, light
Support for the evolution of skin pigmentation in humans is provided by the fundamental role of _____ in production of stored folate.
Melanin
New research shows that ______ is essential for the synthesis and repair of DNA and therefore directly affects cell division and homeostasis
Folate
Folate levels ______ dramatically with exposure to highland prolonged levels of UV radiation.
Decreased
Skin color and melanin production are key elements in protecting the body for _______
Folate depletion
The primary environmental stress in high altitudes is ____
Hypoxia
Nutritionists have developed two sets of dietary recommendations:
Those based on energy requirements and those based on nutrient requirements
The majority of human populations across the world are ______ especially in developing nations
undernourished
Undernourished populations have _____ growth
Stunted
Individuals who are _______ experience poor general functioning, reduced work capacity, I’ll health, and short life expectancy
Undernourished
It is highly _____ that undernourished populations shortness is a genetic adaptation
Unlikely
During growth and development, physical activity stimulates bone-forming cells called ________ which produce bone mass where it is needed to maintain the rigidity of specific bones and bone regions
Osteoblasts
In the absence of physical activity, other cells called ______ remove bone mass.
Osteoclasts
A principle called _____ lays out the homeostatic balance of osteoblastic and osteoclasts activity, in which bone ,ass is produced where it is needed and taken away where it is not needed.
Wollf’s law
______ law accounts for the remodeling of bone that occurs during life, the changing of certain bones shape as the result of particular activities.
Wolffs
