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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bone lifespan changes?

A

Decrease in height @ age 30
Calcium levels fall
Bones are brittle
osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts

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2
Q

What are the joint lifespan changes?

A

Stiffening, arthritis, ligaments lose elasticity, decreased height, disuse reduces nutrients,

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3
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate:

Consists of four 4 layers of cartilage cells

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4
Q

4 cartilage layers in the growth plate (ZONES) (epiphyseal plate)

A
  1. ) resting cartilage
  2. ) proliferating cartilage
  3. ) hypertrophic cartilage
  4. ) calcified cartilage
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5
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous-flat bones that form from connective tissue

Endochondral- long bones made from hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

Long bones

A

Long and narrow with expanded ends

Example: femur, radius, tibia

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7
Q

Short bones

A

Cubelike/length and width or round bones imbedded in tendons

Example: patella

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8
Q

Flat bones

A

Platelike with broad surfaces

Example: parietal

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9
Q

Irregular bones

A

Variety of shapes and most are connected to other bones

Example: sphenoid

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10
Q

Compact bone

A 
Consists of: 
Cylindrical units called osteoblasts (tree trunk)
Strong and solid
Weight bearing
Residuals compression
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11
Q

Spongy bone

A

Consists of:
Branching plates called trabeculae
Somewhat flexible
Nutrients diffuse through canaliculi

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12
Q

Abduction

A

Move leg out from the center

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13
Q

Adduction

A

Leg moving into the medial line

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14
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending over

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15
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes up to the sky

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16
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Standing on your toes

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17
Q

Circumduction

A

Arm circles

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18
Q

Medial rotation

A

Arm toward middle

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19
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Arm from middle.. out

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20
Q

Pronation

A

Palms down

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21
Q

Supination

A

Palms up

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22
Q

Inversion

A

Ankle rolled out

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23
Q

Eversion

A

Ankle rolled in

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24
Q

Elevation

A

Shoulders up

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25
Q

Depression

A

Shoulders down

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26
Q

Protraction

A

Chin out

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27
Q

Retraction

A

Chin in

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28
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Absorbs bone tissue during healing

29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cell that secretes matrix for bone formation

30
Q

Articulations

A

Place of junction between bones

31
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis or the end of a bone

32
Q

What are the three STRUCTURAL classifications of bones?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

33
Q

What are the three FUNCTIONAL joint classifications?

A

Synarthrotic (immovable)
Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
Diarthrotic (freely movable)

34
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. )Syndesmosis-bones held together by dense connective tissue (amphiarthrotic)
  2. )Suture-connective tissue of skull (synarthrotic)
  3. )Gomphosis- cone shaped bony process in Jawbone for teeth (synarthrotic)
35
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis-bands of hyaline cartilage that connect bones

Symphysis-pads of fibrocartilage between bones

36
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  1. ) ball and socket
  2. ) condylar
  3. ) plane joint/gliding joint
  4. ) hinge joint
  5. ) pivot joint
  6. ) saddle joint
37
Q

ball and socket / spheroidal

A

(hip/shoulder)
Widest range of motion
Round head in a cup shaped cavity

38
Q

condylar/ellipsoidal

A

Ova condyle fits into elliptical cavity
(Between metacarpals and Phalanges)
Back & forth/ side to side motion

39
Q

Plane joint/gliding joint

A

Almost flat, slightly curved
Back and forth and twisting motions
(Wrist and ankle joints)

40
Q

Pivot joint/trochoid joint

A

Cylindrical surface rotates within another bone
Rotation only
(Atlas of C1 and dens of Axis C2)

41
Q

Saddle joint/seller joint

A

Both bones have concave and convex surfaces

Thumb

42
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Also known as calcium phosphate, is the most abundant salt crystal found in the bone matrix

43
Q

What are the six types of fractures?

A
  1. ) green stick
  2. ) fissured
  3. ) comminuted
  4. ) transverse
  5. ) oblique
  6. ) spiral
44
Q

Green stick fracture

A

Incomplete fracture on the surface of the bone

45
Q

Fissured fracture

A

Incomplete longitudinal break

46
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

A complete break that also causes fragments

47
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Complete break that is at a right angle to the axle of the bone

48
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axel of the bone

49
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Caused by excessive twisting

50
Q

Phalanges

A

(From palm to tips)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx

51
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A 
Skull
Middle ear bones
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
52
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

53
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

Depression for the head of the femur found in the coxal (hip) bones

54
Q

Origin vs insertion

A

Origin-fixed end of the skeletal muscle

Insertion-movable end of the muscle

55
Q

What are the rib types?

A 
True ribs (vertebrosternal)-total cage
False ribs (vertebrochondral) partial ribs with cartilage attachment 
     -floating ribs/no cartilage
56
Q

What is a special feature of the sphenoid bone?

A

The sella turcica Protects the pituitary gland

57
Q

What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protect, provide points of attachment, house blood producing cells, and store inorganic salts, aid body movement

58
Q

What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?

A

Males are less flared and small and not used for birth

59
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps absorb calcium, and with lack of it, bones get soft

60
Q

Vitamin A

A

Aids in osteoblasts and osteoclasts activities and with lack of it, it can retard bone development but excessive amounts increase osteoclasts that break down bones

61
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid filled Fat pads found in the knee and shoulders that cushion and help ligaments glide over

62
Q

What are the effects of growth hormones on bones?

A

Stimulate cartilage cell division which lengthens bones

Gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly

63
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow (red,white and platelets)

64
Q

Where is an interosseous membrane found?

A

Fibrous joints in between bones. Sheetlike.

65
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage (symphesis cartilaginous) joint between vertebrae and are amphiarthrotic

66
Q

Long bone parts

A

11

67
Q

Knee joint

A 
Largest and most complex
3 bones:femur,tibia,patella
Has ligaments and tendons 
Cushioned by bursae 
Menus separate femur and tibia
68
Q

Essay questions

A

Joint classifications of all and one example of each and relate them to each other

Two bone formation processes compare contrast etc

Anatomy And Physiology (7 decks)

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