Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the bone lifespan changes?
Decrease in height @ age 30
Calcium levels fall
Bones are brittle
osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
What are the joint lifespan changes?
Stiffening, arthritis, ligaments lose elasticity, decreased height, disuse reduces nutrients,
Epiphyseal plate
Growth plate:
Consists of four 4 layers of cartilage cells
4 cartilage layers in the growth plate (ZONES) (epiphyseal plate)
- ) resting cartilage
- ) proliferating cartilage
- ) hypertrophic cartilage
- ) calcified cartilage
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous-flat bones that form from connective tissue
Endochondral- long bones made from hyaline cartilage
Long bones
Long and narrow with expanded ends
Example: femur, radius, tibia
Short bones
Cubelike/length and width or round bones imbedded in tendons
Example: patella
Flat bones
Platelike with broad surfaces
Example: parietal
Irregular bones
Variety of shapes and most are connected to other bones
Example: sphenoid
Compact bone
Consists of: Cylindrical units called osteoblasts (tree trunk) Strong and solid Weight bearing Residuals compression
Spongy bone
Consists of:
Branching plates called trabeculae
Somewhat flexible
Nutrients diffuse through canaliculi
Abduction
Move leg out from the center
Adduction
Leg moving into the medial line
Lateral flexion
Bending over
Dorsiflexion
Toes up to the sky
Plantar flexion
Standing on your toes
Circumduction
Arm circles
Medial rotation
Arm toward middle
Lateral rotation
Arm from middle.. out
Pronation
Palms down
Supination
Palms up
Inversion
Ankle rolled out
Eversion
Ankle rolled in
Elevation
Shoulders up
Depression
Shoulders down
Protraction
Chin out
Retraction
Chin in
Osteoclasts
Absorbs bone tissue during healing
Osteoblasts
Cell that secretes matrix for bone formation
Articulations
Place of junction between bones
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis or the end of a bone
What are the three STRUCTURAL classifications of bones?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What are the three FUNCTIONAL joint classifications?
Synarthrotic (immovable)
Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
Diarthrotic (freely movable)
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
- )Syndesmosis-bones held together by dense connective tissue (amphiarthrotic)
- )Suture-connective tissue of skull (synarthrotic)
- )Gomphosis- cone shaped bony process in Jawbone for teeth (synarthrotic)
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis-bands of hyaline cartilage that connect bones
Symphysis-pads of fibrocartilage between bones
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- ) ball and socket
- ) condylar
- ) plane joint/gliding joint
- ) hinge joint
- ) pivot joint
- ) saddle joint
ball and socket / spheroidal
(hip/shoulder)
Widest range of motion
Round head in a cup shaped cavity
condylar/ellipsoidal
Ova condyle fits into elliptical cavity
(Between metacarpals and Phalanges)
Back & forth/ side to side motion
Plane joint/gliding joint
Almost flat, slightly curved
Back and forth and twisting motions
(Wrist and ankle joints)
Pivot joint/trochoid joint
Cylindrical surface rotates within another bone
Rotation only
(Atlas of C1 and dens of Axis C2)
Saddle joint/seller joint
Both bones have concave and convex surfaces
Thumb
Hydroxyapatite
Also known as calcium phosphate, is the most abundant salt crystal found in the bone matrix
What are the six types of fractures?
- ) green stick
- ) fissured
- ) comminuted
- ) transverse
- ) oblique
- ) spiral
Green stick fracture
Incomplete fracture on the surface of the bone
Fissured fracture
Incomplete longitudinal break
Comminuted fracture
A complete break that also causes fragments
Transverse fracture
Complete break that is at a right angle to the axle of the bone
Oblique fracture
Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axel of the bone
Spiral fracture
Caused by excessive twisting
Phalanges
(From palm to tips)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
Skull Middle ear bones Hyoid bone Vertebral column Thoracic cage
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
What is the acetabulum?
Depression for the head of the femur found in the coxal (hip) bones
Origin vs insertion
Origin-fixed end of the skeletal muscle
Insertion-movable end of the muscle
What are the rib types?
True ribs (vertebrosternal)-total cage
False ribs (vertebrochondral) partial ribs with cartilage attachment
-floating ribs/no cartilageWhat is a special feature of the sphenoid bone?
The sella turcica Protects the pituitary gland
What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protect, provide points of attachment, house blood producing cells, and store inorganic salts, aid body movement
What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?
Males are less flared and small and not used for birth
Vitamin D
Helps absorb calcium, and with lack of it, bones get soft
Vitamin A
Aids in osteoblasts and osteoclasts activities and with lack of it, it can retard bone development but excessive amounts increase osteoclasts that break down bones
What are bursae?
Fluid filled Fat pads found in the knee and shoulders that cushion and help ligaments glide over
What are the effects of growth hormones on bones?
Stimulate cartilage cell division which lengthens bones
Gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly
What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow (red,white and platelets)
Where is an interosseous membrane found?
Fibrous joints in between bones. Sheetlike.
What are intervertebral discs?
Pads of fibrocartilage (symphesis cartilaginous) joint between vertebrae and are amphiarthrotic
Long bone parts
11
Knee joint
Largest and most complex 3 bones:femur,tibia,patella Has ligaments and tendons Cushioned by bursae Menus separate femur and tibia
Essay questions
Joint classifications of all and one example of each and relate them to each other
Two bone formation processes compare contrast etc
