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Bio 302 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

flow of genetic info from DNA to RNA to proteins

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2
Q

what is transcription?

A

copy the nucleotide sequence of DNA into RNA?

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3
Q

what is translation?

A

use the info in RNA to make protein

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4
Q

how is ribose different from deoxyribose?

A

RNA has an additional -OH group

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5
Q

what base pair does uracil form with?

A

adenine

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6
Q

what does transcription produce?

A

an RNA complement to one strand of DNA

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7
Q

T or F? Does the coding strand of DNA have the same sequence to the RNA product?

A

true

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8
Q

the RNA chain produced by transcription is called what?

A

transcript

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9
Q

what enzyme transcribes DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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10
Q

what does RNA polymerase do?

A

catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bonds that link the nucleotides together and form sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA

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11
Q

when RNA polymerase moves along the DNA what happens?

A

unwinding the DNA helix in front of it

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12
Q

what determines where bacterial RNA polymerase starts and stops transcription?

A

signals in the sequence of a gene

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13
Q

bacterial RNA polymerase contains a subunit called?

A

the sigma factor

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14
Q

what does the sigma factor recognize?

A

the promoter on the DNA

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15
Q

once transcription begins, what happens to the sigma factor?

A

is released and the polymerase continues synthesizing the RNA without it

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16
Q

how long does chain elongation continue?

A

until the polymerase encounters a termination signal in the DNA

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17
Q

what happens to the polymerase after it is done transcribing?

A

the poly reassociates with the free sigma factor and searches for another promoter to start process over

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18
Q

what determines the direction of transcription?

A

the orientation of the promoter at the beginning of each gene

19
Q

how many types of RNA polymerase are in eukaryotic cells?

A

3

20
Q

what does eukaryotic RNA polymerase require to start transcription?

A

the assistance of a large set of accessory proteins

21
Q

what are transcription factors?

A

they assemble at each promoter along with the polymerase before the polymerase begins transcription

22
Q

RNA polymerase II requires what for transcription initiation?

A

general transcription factors

23
Q

how is the TATA box recognized and bounded?

A

by the general transcription factor TFIID through its subunit called TATA-binding protein (TBP)

24
Q

The TATA box binding of TFIID then enables the adjacent binding of what?

A

TFIIB, one of the general transcription factors

25
Q

what comes together to form a complete transcription initiation complex?

A

TFIIH and RNA polymerase itself assemble at the promoter to form

26
Q

what does TFIIH do?

A

pries apart the double helix of DNA

27
Q

TFIIH also phosphorylates the long polypeptide tail of RNA poly II by?

A

releasing it from the general transcription factor so it can begin the elongation phase of transcription

28
Q

TATA-binding protein (TBP) binds to the TATA box sequence and distorts what?

A

DNA

29
Q

TBP is the subunit for what?

A

the general transcription factor TFIID

30
Q

what is TFIID responsible for?

A

for recognizing and binding to the TATA box sequence

31
Q

what is TBP made of?

A

a single polypeptide chain. 8 beta sheets sit atop of DNA

32
Q

phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II allows what?

A

RNA-processing proteins to assemble on its tail

33
Q

what are transcribed and processed simultaneously in the nucleus?

A

eukaryotic RNAs

34
Q

what type of modifications are made to RNA during processing?

A

capping at the 5’ end with guanine, polyadenylation at the 3’ ends with poly-A tail, and splicing

35
Q

why are eukaryotic genes organized differently than bacterial genes?

A

the coding sequences of most euk genes (exons) are interrupted by noncoding sequences (introns)

36
Q

what signals the beginning and the end of an intron?

A

special nucleotide sequences

37
Q

what are the special sequences recognized by?

A

by small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), which contain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and proteins

38
Q

what forms the core of the spliceosome, which carries out RNA splicing?

A

snRNPs

39
Q

what does spliceosome do?

A

cleaves the RNA at the intron-exon borders and then covalent link the exons

40
Q

what does the intron form during splicing?

A

a branched strucuture

41
Q

what does a-tropomyosin protein regulates?

A

the contraction in muscle cells

42
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

allows many different proteins to be produced from same gene

43
Q

what signals that a mature mRNA is ready for export to the cytoplasm?

A

RNA-binding proteins

Bio 302 (7 decks)

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