Chapter 2

Question 1

organic chemistry reactions?

Answer 1

take place in aqueous soln. take place in narrow temp/pH range.
complex w/ multiple steps and catalysts.
dominated by large polymers

Question 2

the # of protons equal?

Answer 2

atomic number

Question 3

polar covalent bonds?

Answer 3

+ charge is concentrated towards one end of the molecule and - charge is concentrated toward - end. atoms share electrons unequally

Question 4

why are polar covalent bonds critical in biological molecules?

Answer 4

create partial charges that allow large molecules to associate by electrostatic interaction

Question 5

most substance in cells?

Answer 5

water

Question 6

where do most intercellular reactions take place?

Answer 6

in aqueous environment

Question 7

hydrophilic?

Answer 7

water loving substances. ions, polar molecules. dissolve in water. become surrounded by water.

Question 8

hydrophobic?

Answer 8

water fearing substances. many nonpolar bonds. water molecules not attracted. amphipathic

Question 9

amphipathic?

Answer 9

large molecules can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 10

what are the 4 macromolecules?

Answer 10

sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

Question 11

sugars?

Answer 11

energy source for cells and subunits of polysaccharides

Question 12

fatty acids?

Answer 12

components of cell membranes

Question 13

amino acids?

Answer 13

subunits of proteins

Question 14

nucleotides

Answer 14

subunits of DNA and RNA

Question 15

condensation reactions?

Answer 15

anabolic (building). occurs between two -OH groups.

forms multimers and generates water

Question 16

hydrolysis reactions?

Answer 16

catabolic (breakdown). generates two -OH groups. smaller molecules are formed. water is consumed.

Question 17

monosaccharide?

Answer 17

(CH2O)n

Question 18

disaccharide?

Answer 18

2 monosaccharides linked together

Question 19

oligosaccharide?

Answer 19

short chain 3 monosacchardes

Question 20

polysaccharide?

Answer 20

long chain up to 1000 monosaccharides

Question 21

what are components of cell membranes?

Answer 21

fatty acids are lipids

Question 22

are fatty acids amphipathic?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

what kinds of kinks are created in double bonds in hydrophobic FA tails?

Answer 23

interfere with the ability of lipids of pack closely together.

Question 24

monounsaturated?

Answer 24

1 double bond

Question 25

polyunsaturated

Answer 25

many double bonds

Question 26

triacylglycerol

Answer 26

3 FA chains joined to a glycerol

Question 27

why are FA important for membranes?

Answer 27

membranes are composed of phospholipids, fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate

Question 28

what bond links together amino acids?

Answer 28

peptide bonds. chain forms proteins

Question 29

what makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 29

nitrogen containing ring, 5 carbon sugar, and phosphate group

Question 30

nucleoside?

Answer 30

base+sugar without phosphate

Question 31

2 types of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 31

pyrimidine and purine

Question 32

pyrimidine?

Answer 32

uracil, cytosine, thymine

Question 33

purine?

Answer 33

adenine, and guanine

Question 34

what bond links together nucleotides?

Answer 34

phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids.

Question 35

what info is stored in nucleic acids?

Answer 35

biological information