Chapter 2 Flashcards
organic chemistry reactions?
take place in aqueous soln. take place in narrow temp/pH range.
complex w/ multiple steps and catalysts.
dominated by large polymers
the # of protons equal?
atomic number
polar covalent bonds?
+ charge is concentrated towards one end of the molecule and - charge is concentrated toward - end. atoms share electrons unequally
why are polar covalent bonds critical in biological molecules?
create partial charges that allow large molecules to associate by electrostatic interaction
most substance in cells?
water
where do most intercellular reactions take place?
in aqueous environment
hydrophilic?
water loving substances. ions, polar molecules. dissolve in water. become surrounded by water.
hydrophobic?
water fearing substances. many nonpolar bonds. water molecules not attracted. amphipathic
amphipathic?
large molecules can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic
what are the 4 macromolecules?
sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides
sugars?
energy source for cells and subunits of polysaccharides
fatty acids?
components of cell membranes
amino acids?
subunits of proteins
nucleotides
subunits of DNA and RNA
condensation reactions?
anabolic (building). occurs between two -OH groups.
forms multimers and generates water
hydrolysis reactions?
catabolic (breakdown). generates two -OH groups. smaller molecules are formed. water is consumed.
monosaccharide?
(CH2O)n
disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides linked together
oligosaccharide?
short chain 3 monosacchardes
polysaccharide?
long chain up to 1000 monosaccharides
what are components of cell membranes?
fatty acids are lipids
are fatty acids amphipathic?
yes
what kinds of kinks are created in double bonds in hydrophobic FA tails?
interfere with the ability of lipids of pack closely together.
monounsaturated?
1 double bond
polyunsaturated
many double bonds
triacylglycerol
3 FA chains joined to a glycerol
why are FA important for membranes?
membranes are composed of phospholipids, fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate
what bond links together amino acids?
peptide bonds. chain forms proteins
what makes up a nucleotide?
nitrogen containing ring, 5 carbon sugar, and phosphate group
nucleoside?
base+sugar without phosphate
2 types of nitrogenous bases?
pyrimidine and purine
pyrimidine?
uracil, cytosine, thymine
purine?
adenine, and guanine
what bond links together nucleotides?
phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids.
what info is stored in nucleic acids?
biological information
