Chapter 7 Flashcards
Eriksonian model:
Believed that early relationships with parents played a significant role in the development of children.
Erikson’s Model
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- industry vs. inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
Trust vs Mistrust
-0-2 years
-Development of basic trust with parental figures
-Normal dependency: child can depend on the parental figures to be consistent and present → trust
(Learn to self-sooth;
Learn to trust that they can effect movement in their environment)
-If the child is unable to develop a felt bond or connection, a strong core message of unworthiness or not being enough can develop
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- 2-4 years old
- Child learns to differentiate right from wrong and good from bad
- Working towards the development of a sense of autonomy and separateness to build to an internal sense of control; setting boundaries by saying “no” and are challenging their environment
- Support of the child creating healthy boundaries is important to the development of a healthy self-esteem, without this trust they may feel shame, doubt, insecurity
Initiative vs Guilt
- 4-6 years old
- Facilitated primarily by the parental figures setting reasonable limits, which encourage the child to engage in new initiatives
- Initial role identification occurs for boys/girls
- Guilt occurs if this stage fails
Industry vs. inferiority
- 6-puberty
- Child is observing socially acceptable activities (parents & peer groups)
- Need to feel an internalized sense of success, if not they will feel discouraged
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Beyond puberty
- Individual’s struggle for identity and finding a place in the world
- Trust vs mistrust is revisited for the community and other environments
- Failure to develop a sense of self leads to a diffuse and scattered self-understanding
Intimacy vs Isolation
- Romantic relationships and significant friendships begin to develop
- Recapitulation of family dynamics with intimate relationships
Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Involves the altruistic behavior or humans, either by raising a family or going beyond one’s own ego and helping others. Often includes parenthood.
- If this is left unaddressed, the individual with probably develop feelings of stagnation and boredom
Integrity vs. Despair
A life review occurs to determine whether life is and has been worthwhile
Piaget
- Sensorimotor period
- preoperational period
- concrete operational period
- formal operations
sensorimotor period
- Birth to 1-2 years
- Child learns primary circular reaction; experience the world primarily through their sense and motor capabilities
- Linear, causal, direct interaction with the world; thinking by doing
preoperational period
- 1-7 years
- Begins to learn language skills and incorporate an egocentric view of the world; unable to see from perspectives outside of self
concrete operational period
Can begin to carry our increasingly complex cognitive operations (non-abstract)
formal operations
- 12-18 years
- When an individual can think and respond in an abstract manner
Kohlberg’s Model
Expanded on Piaget’s model from a moral perspective
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- postconventional
Kohlberg’s Preconventional Period
- Punishment and Obedience Orientation: Child understands that certain rules regulate behavior and that the child will abide by them in order to avoid punishment
- Instrumental-Relativist: examines the child’s thought process of whether breaking the rules outweighs the possible consequences of breaking the rules (pain vs. pleasure)
Kohlberg’s Conventional Period
- Good Boy and Nice Girl: when the individual conforms to family or environmental rules despite personal discomfort; wants to contribute to the family despite discomfort
- Law and order orientation: individual’s adherence to rules and order of the society; begins autonomous judgment
Kohlberg’s Postconventional Period
- Social Contract/Legalistic: where individuals have both rights and responsibilities
- Universal Ethical: where a person’s moral beliefs and attitudes are also in agreement with one’s own ethical principles
Gorski’s model of recovery
- Transition
- Stabilization
- Post-Acute Withdrawal
- Early Recovery Stage
- Middle Recovery Stage
- Late Recovery
- Maintenance Stage
Gorski’s model Transition Stage:
- denial and attempts to control usage are considered.
- Transition occurs when an individual attempts to control their usage
- Have not connected life problems with alcohol/drug use
- Begin to experience insight by experience consequences or recognizing excessive use → will try to control/cut down use to prove their use is not a problem. Attempts to control are short lived.
Gorski’s model Stabilization
Goal 1: Client’s recuperation from the use of the drug (discontinuing use)
Goal 2: reduction in drug/alcohol preoccupation and increased focus on recovery and supportive relationships
Goal 3: better cope with stress without using chemicals
Goal 4: developing hope and motivation to continue in recovery
Gorski’s Post-Acute Withdrawal
- Withdrawal that occurs long after the initial physical withdrawal symptoms
- Starts with the emergence of feeling overwhelmed by daily tasks, having difficulty making simple decisions, and managing stress ineffectively
- May occur in the first 6-12 months of recovery; does not occur in everyone
- Also include the grief/loss of the drug
Gorski’s Early Recovery Stage
Identify the signs of possible relapse and break recovery down into two parts: drinking and drugging problem and the thinking problem
Gorski’s Middle Recovery Stage
- Occurs when clients begin repairing their lives by working to develop a balanced lifestyle
- Use recovery principles; make amends
Gorski’s Late Recovery
- Clients have been sober and clean and feel better, yet may be unsure if there is anything else to do in recovery
- Unhappiness in recovery stems from unresolved childhood issues merged with self-defeating thoughts and behaviors
- Challenges: inability of clients to engage in problem-solving thoughts and behaviors; unrefined skills in managing emotion; rigidity in behavior and subsequent lack of flexibility with lifestyle changes; blaming others or acting out
Gorski’s Maintenance Stage
- Lifelong, has no end
- Substance may not be a main part of their life/treatment
