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Psych Exam 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Information processing model

A

Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into the brain

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3
Q

Storage

A

Process of storing the information in the brain

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Locating and getting the information out of the brain

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5
Q

Encoding: selective attention

A

Only pain attention to the information you are interested in or need

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6
Q

3 Types of memory stores

A
  1. Sensory 2. Short-Term 3. Long-Term
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7
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Brief storage of sensory information. Information enters nervous system through sensory systems

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8
Q

How long does sensory memory last?

A

within a second

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9
Q

How much information does sensory memory hold?

A

Holds a lot of information from the senses, but it isn’t processed

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10
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual sensory memory that briefly remembers vision

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11
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory (sound) sensory memory that briefly remembers sounds

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12
Q

What is Short Term Memory (STM)

A

Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

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13
Q

How long does STM last?

A

15-30 seconds

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14
Q

How much information does STM hold?

A

7 +/- 2 Chunks of information. (10-digit phone number can be remembered in chunks: 412-555-1212, but not if it’s just numbers: 4125551212.)

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15
Q

How does chunking work?

A

a mnemonic technique, combines small bits of information into bigger pieces. (th isi sa wo rd) is hard to remember if you don’t chunk it right (this is a word)

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16
Q

2 Kinds of rehearsal

A
  1. Maintenance 2. Elaborative
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17
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating information without thinking about its meaning

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18
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Remembering information by thinking about its meaning and how it is related to other memories

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19
Q

What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

A

Permanent memory storage

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20
Q

How long does LTM last?

A

Indefinitely

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21
Q

Procedural Memories

A 
Motor skills 
Procedures 
Talents 
Habits 
Emotional Associations
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22
Q

Why is it Procedural Memory Implicit?

A

It happens without conscious effort

23
Q

Declarative Memories

A

Episodic and Semantic Memories

24
Q

Why is Declarative Memory Explicit?

A

The memories are consciously available

25
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Personal Information

Experiences

26
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General Knowledge
Facts
Related Information is located nearby

27
Q

LTM organized in 2 ways

A
  1. Semantic Networks

2. Schemas

28
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Related information is stored physically nearby

29
Q

Schemas

A

Mental grouping of similar ideas

30
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Things that help retrieve memories

31
Q

Encoding Specificity

A

You can retrieve a memory better if you are retrieving it in the same context as you memorized it. (If you learn someones name in Psych class then it’s easier to remember it if you see them in Psych class than if you see them at the mall.

32
Q

State dependent learning

A

memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. You remember something better when you’re drunk if you learned it when you were drunk.

33
Q

Recall vs. Recognition

A

Recall is retrieving information without any assistance. Recognition is match information to a stored image or fact. I remember that his dad’s name is Jim is recall. Recognition is I know it’s his dad when I see his picture. Recognition is easier than recall, but there can be false positives (I thought it was his dad in the picture, but it really wasn’t)

34
Q

Serial Position Effects

A

People tend to remember the first and last thing in a list

35
Q

Primacy (serial position effect)

A

People remember the first few things in a list

36
Q

Recency (serial position effect)

A

People remember the last few things in a list

37
Q

Automatic Encoding

A

Some information can enter LTM with little effort or encoding

38
Q

Flash Memories

A

Automatic encoding that happens because an unexpected event has a strong emotional association

39
Q

Reconstructive Processing

A

As memories are reconstructed, other memories or events can interfere with doing it properly and that can lead to incorrect memories being recalled

40
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

After an event occurs, people say that it was a predictable event even though they had no way to predict it ahead of time.

41
Q

Overconfidence

A

a person’s confidence that they remembered something correctly is greater that the accuracy of their memories. Seems to happen more when the person is VERY confident of their memory.

42
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

the recall of a memory about an event becomes less accurate because of something they were told after the event happened

43
Q

False Memory Syndrome

A

memories that are factually incorrect but that a person strongly believes are true

44
Q

Forgetting

A
  1. Happens very fast initially
  2. Distributed practice works better than cramming
  3. Encoding Failure
  4. Decay and Disuse
45
Q

Interference

A

Past memories interfere with the ability to save new memories.

46
Q

Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference

A

Proactive means that old memories interfere with new ones. Retroactive means that new memories interfere with being able to remember old memories.

47
Q

Amnesia

A

A loss of memory

48
Q

Retrograde vs Anterograde Amnesia

A

Retrograde means you can’t recall memories before amnesia started. Anterograde means you can’t create new memories.

49
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

a progressive disease that impacts memory

50
Q

Improving memory through mnemonic devices

A

any learning technique that aids memory retention

51
Q

Simple mnemonic techniques

A
  1. Acrostics
  2. Acronyms
  3. Rhyme & Songs
52
Q

Complex mnemonic techniques

A
  1. Link Method

2. Method of Loci

53
Q

Method of Loci

A

items to be remembered in this mnemonic system are mentally associated with specific physical locations

Psych Exam 2 (3 decks)

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