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Psych Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Perception is the interpretation of sensations.

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Stimulation of sense organs. Sensation is the physical process of how the body detects things like light or sound.

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3
Q

Perception

A

Selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.. Perception is how the brain takes all the sensations and figures out what they mean.

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4
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent window at the front of the eye that protects it.

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5
Q

Iris

A

Colored ring of muscle around the pupil that opens and closes

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6
Q

Pupil

A

The opening at the center of the iris that regulates (controls) the amount of light reaching the retina.

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7
Q

Lens

A

Focuses the light rays that fall on the retina.

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8
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue lining the inside back of the eye. It absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain.

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9
Q

Rods and Cones

A

The receptor (receiving) cells lining the retina that are sensitive to light.

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10
Q

Blind Spot

A

The hole in the retina where all the axon fibers run from the retina to the brain. Also known as optic disk.

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11
Q

What is light?

A

Energy in the form of light waves.

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12
Q

3 Perceptual (ways we perceive) Light

A
  1. Brightness
  2. Color
  3. Saturation
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13
Q

Amplitude of Light

A

Its Brightness

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14
Q

Wavelength of Light

A

Its Color

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15
Q

Saturation of Light

A

How rich its color is (how much white is mixed in with a color)

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16
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Eye has 3 types of cones; Red, Blue & Green.

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17
Q

Afterimage

A

If you stare at a strong color then look at a white background, you see an afterimage. If Trichromatic Theory was true, you wouldn’t see the image.

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18
Q

Opponent-process Theory

A

Four primary colors with paired cones:
red vs. green
blue vs. yellow

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19
Q

Trichromatic vs Opponent-process

A

Vision is probably some combination of these two processes. First processed with cones that follow Trichromatic, then opponent-process.

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20
Q

Color Blindness

A

Color vision deficiency. Caused by defective cones in the retina. More often in males.

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21
Q

Subliminal Stimuli

A

A sensory stimulus (stimulation) that is below an individual’s threshold for conscious perception. (You don’t think about what you’re seeing.)

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22
Q

Habituation

A

No longer responding to a stimulus after repeated presentations (you’ve heard a loud noise too many times, so it doesn’t scare you anymore).

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23
Q

3 factors that influence perception

A
  1. Perceptual set
  2. Bottom-up processing
  3. Top-down processing
24
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Ready to perceive a stimulus in a particular way. You’re at the zoo, so you see a bear as cute; if you saw one in the woods, you’d be afraid.

25
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Go from seeing individual elements (parts) of something to seeing the whole thing (the big picture)

26
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Go from seeing the whole thing before seeing each of the elements. You recognize a word before seeing all of the letters in it.

27
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

The whole can be greater than the sum of its parts.

28
Q

Figure and Ground (Reversible Figures)

A

The figure is what you look at, the ground is the background it is against. See something different depending on what you look at. (the vase and the face)

29
Q

Grouping: Proximity

A

Things that are close to each other seem to belong together. Dots appear to be in rows or columns depending upon how they are spaced.

30
Q

Grouping: Similarity

A

Grouping things together because they are similar. Like darker dots among lighter dots.

31
Q

Grouping: Closure

A

Grouping elements to create a sense of being completed (closure). You can complete a circle by filling in gaps in the picture.

32
Q

Grouping: Continuity

A

People want to follow things in the direction they are being led. Make smooth lines and curves from what you see.

33
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to perceive the world in 3 dimensions and judge how far away things are.

34
Q

Monocular Clues

A

Give you clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone (by itself).

35
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines that go away from you seem to get closer together.

36
Q

Relative Size

A

Objects that you expect to be the same size appear larger when they are close to you.

37
Q

Interposition

A

Objects that are close to you mask (cover up) or overlap objects that are further away.

38
Q

Texture Gradient

A

Texture becomes denser and less noticeable as it gets further away. (a pattern seems to fade to a single color)

39
Q

Height in Plane

A

Closer objects are lower in visual field, distant ones are higher.

40
Q

Light and Shadow

A

Patterns of light and dark create a sense of 3 dimensions in the objects you look at. An object creates a shadow on a surface, so we perceive it as having 3 dimensions.

41
Q

Optical Illusion

A

Perception that does not correspond to reality.

42
Q

Sound Waves

A

Vibrations of the molecules of air that surround us.

43
Q

Sound Waves are similar to Light Waves

A 
pitch = wavelength
volume = amplitude
timbre = saturation (purity)
44
Q

Theory of Pitch: Place Theory

A

Pitch is determined by location of the stimulation.

45
Q

Theory of Pitch: Frequency Theory

A

Pitch is related to how fast the membrane vibrates.

46
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

47
Q

Taste Buds

A

Receptors on the tongue.

48
Q

Physical stimuli for taste

A

Chemical substances in food that dissolve in water stimulate the taste buds on the tounge.

49
Q

5 Basic Tastes

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Bitter
  4. Salty
  5. Umami (Savory)
50
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell

51
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Processes nasal sensory information (thalamus does not process them).

52
Q

4 Qualities the Skin Detects

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pressure
  3. Temperature
  4. Pain
53
Q

Ear Drum

A

Taut (tight) membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves.

54
Q

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

A

Bones of the middle ear. Transmit motions of the eardrum into the inner ear.

55
Q

Inner Ear

A

Mostly the Cochlea: contains the receptors for hearing

56
Q

Olfactory Cilia

A

Hairlike structures in the upper part of nasal passages that are receptors for smell.

Psych Exam 2 (3 decks)

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