Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning associations between events.

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

A stimulus achieves the ability to create a response that was originally created by some other stimulus. (Pavolov’s Dog)

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

A change in the environment that is registered by the senses.

Question 5

Response

Answer 5

The physical action that results from a stimulus.

Question 6

Unconditioned

Answer 6

Naturally occurring (not learned or conditioned)

Question 7

Conditioned

Answer 7

Trained (repeated over and over until it seems natural)

Question 8

UCS

Answer 8

Unconditioned (natural) Stimulus.

Question 9

UCR

Answer 9

Unconditioned (natural) Response

Question 10

CS

Answer 10

Conditioned (trained) Stimulus

Question 11

CR

Answer 11

Conditioned (trained) Response

Question 12

Principles (Rules) of Classical Conditioning

Answer 12

1. CS must come before UCS.
2. Must happen close in time.
3. Takes several trials
4. CS must be different than what is already in the environment.

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

When an animal that has learned a response to a certain stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimulus that is similar to the original.

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

When an animal that has learned a response to a certain stimulus DOES NOT respond in the same way to a new stimulus that is similar to the original.

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

Gradual weakening and disappearance of a response because it is no longer followed by reinforcement.

Question 16

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 16

A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were and unconditioned one.

Question 17

Conditioned Emotional Response

Answer 17

Responses learned through the use of good and bad emotions instead of classical conditioning.

Question 18

Taste Aversion

Answer 18

Operates differently than other conditioning. Taste-Nausea associations are almost impossible to prevent. Probably from evolution we learned to avoid foods we think will make us sick.

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

Learning that is done by creating responses that are controlled by consequences

Question 20

Skinner Box

Answer 20

Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Question 21

What happens to the behavior when it is reinforced?

Answer 21

Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated as long as the reinforcement is periodically repeated.

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

Response is strengthened by a reward

Question 23

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 23

Response is strengthened by removing an unpleasant stimulus. (If you do something, the electric shock will stop.)

Question 24

Continuous vs Partial Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 24

Continuous reinforcement happens every time the desired response happens. Partial happens only some of the time.

Question 25

Ratio vs Interval Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 25

Ratio reinforcement happens a certain number of times the desired response happens. Interval happens after a certain amount of time has passed.

Question 26

Fixed vs. Variable Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 26

Fixed schedule means the reinforcement happens on the same interval every time. With a variable schedule, the interval changes each time.`

Question 27

What happens to the behavior when it is punished?

Answer 27

There is a rapid decline (a weakening) in the animal’s response rate.

Question 28

Punishment by Application

Answer 28

Punishment by applying an aversive stimulus (like a shock).

Question 29

Punishment by Removal

Answer 29

Punishment by removing a rewarding stimulus (taking away TV privileges).

Question 30

Problems with Punishment

Answer 30

1. Subject avoids the punisher
2. Can encourage lying
3. May create fear and anxiety
4. Hitting provides model for aggression

Question 31

How can punishment be made more effective?

Answer 31

1. Should immediately follow behavior
2. Should be consistent
3. Should be paired with reinforcement of right behavior

Question 32

What is Shaping?

Answer 32

Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Question 33

Instinctive Drift

Answer 33

Animals tend to revert to instinctive behaviors (they were born with) that interfere with a conditioned response.

Question 34

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 34

Even with extinction (weakening response) the conditioned response will tend to reappear.

Question 35

What is Latent Learning?

Answer 35

This is hidden learning, a response is seen without any obvious reinforcement.

Question 36

How does insight work?

Answer 36

Have a sudden perception (you realize) the relationships among various parts of a problem.

Question 37

Learned helplessness

Answer 37

Forced to endure painful or stimuli, it becomes unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, if the stimuli is actually or perceived to be inescapable

Question 38

Observational Learning

Answer 38

Response is learned or influenced by others (who are called models)

Question 39

Necessary Elements of Observational Learning

Answer 39

1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Imitation
4. Motivation