Chapter 7 Flashcards
What has a greater impact on health, Personal environment or ambient environment
Personal environment
What results in environmental disease
Results of exposure to chemical or physical agents
What is the most common cause of occupational illness
Chronic exposure
How does climate change affect our health
as greenhouse gasses increase, and deforestation increases there is an increase of Heat-related illness, cardiovascular disease, crop failure, contaminated water, vector-borne infections
What is Toxicology
Study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
What does toxicology include
Trauma
Radiation
heat
Dosage
What are xenobiotics
Chemicals not produced/expected in an organism, but found inside
How are can we be exposed to xenobiotics
Inhalation
Ingestion
Cutaneous contact
Where do xenobiotics act
Site of entry or site of storage
What happens to xenobiotics
They are metabiolized into H2O soluble products, or turned into Toxic metabolites
What are the environmental pollutants
Airborne microbes
Gases and particulates
What are most vulnerable to environmental pollution
Lungs
and various systems
Ozone is degraded by automobile exhaust to produce smog. What does smog do to us
Cause ROS production that damages airways
Cause inflammation
Decrease function of lungs
Buring fossil fules produces Sulfur dioxide, particulates, acid aerosols. What does this do to us
Decrease mucociliary clearance leading to inflammation and infections
What is a colourless tateless ororless gas that can kill us
Carbon Monoxide
Why is carbon monoxide so lethal
it has 200x more affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen has. (asphyxiant)
What happens to the body when you are exposed to carbon monoxide
CNS depression
Lethal hypoxia
What is the most common type of indoor pollution
Tobacco somke
CO2
Asbestos
Nitrogen dioxide (wood smoke)
What is radon
Colourless ordorless gas that increases the risk of lung cancer
What are bioaerosols
Airborne particles that contain or were from living organisms
What is one of the most common metallic environmental pollutants
Lead
pain, pipes, soil
What happens to the blood brain barrier when lead is absorbed
Increases permeability
What happens to children that are exposed to lead
irreversible CNS defects brain damage encephalopathy coma seizures
What happens to adults that are exposed to lead
Reversible peripheral neuropathies
What does lead target
Blood Bone marrow nervous system GI tract Kidneys
What is especialy vulnerable to mercury
The developing brain
How does mercury cause damage
It accumulates in neurons
Block ion channels
What can mercury poisoning cause
Tremors
Confused speech
distorted vision
who should avoid carnivorous fish (tuna)
Babies
Pregnant women
How does methymercury accumulate in tune
It is used in gold mining, and enters water supply. It is water soluble is accumulates in the plant life and moves up that chain building in concentration
Where is arsenic found naturally
In soil and H2O in bangladesh, chile, china
What does arsenic cause when ingested
Interference with oxidation phosphorylation, leading to death
What effect does arsenic have on the skin
It is carcinogenic causing skin cancer
What cancer does arsenic cause
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
How are we exposed to cadmium
household waste
chemical fertilizers
What does cadmium exposure do to us
Damages lungs
Kidneys
bones
Renal disease
What is the disease caused by cadmium exposure called
itai-itai disease (ouch-ouch diseasea)
What is characteristic of itai-itai disease
Bone loss and renal failure
What are the industrial and agricultural products discussed in class that can cause cancer
Organic solvents
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Organochlorines
What industrial or agricultural product can cause dizziness, Coma, Leukemia.
Comes from dry cleaning, paint remover
Organic solvents
What industrial or agricultural product is produced by steel foundaries, fossil fules, combustion. Causes lung and bladder cancer
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
What industrial or agricultural product is produced by synthetic products and is an endocrine disruptor, causes neural toxicity and is lipophilic
Organochlorines
What does tobacco smoke cause
Lung cancer
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis (CPOD)
How is tobacco exposure measured
In pack years
Packs/day X years smoked
how much does passive smoke increase cancer risk
30% increase
what does second hand smoke cause in children
Asthma
Where is alcohol absorbed in the body, is it alterd in there places
Stomach
SI
it is unaltered
what organ and what enzyme metabolizes alcohol
O: liver
E: Cytochrome P-450
What is alcohol metabolized into
Acetate
What happens when alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol
Decrease in NAD+
Fatty liver disease
metabolic acidosis
What is the alcohol Flush Reaction
it is a defective form of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
What populations is Alcohol Flush Reaction most common in
Asians
What does acute alcoholism/intoxication cause
Decrease in intellectual and motor functions
What can chronic alcoholism cause
Steatosis Cirrhosis CNS problems Morbidity Korsakoff syndrome
What is the benefit of having 1 drink a day
Increase HDL’s and inhibit clotting
What are ARDS
Adverse Drug reactions
what are the two types of ADRs
Localized
Systemic
What are Exogenous estrogens used for
Hormone replacement therapy
Oral contraceptives
What is Estrogen replacement used for
Reduce menopause symptoms
what are side effects of Estrogen replacement therapy
increase HDL Decrease LDL Decrease heart disease increase endometrial Cancer Increase thrombosis
What are the side effects + benefits or oral contraceptives
Increase thrombosis
little to no breast cervical cancer
protectoin from endometiral + ovarian cancer
What is Acetaminophen used for
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Where and how is acetaminophen metabolized
in the liver
by cytochrome p-450 system
what is the toxic does of acetaminophen
15-25 grams
What can an overdoes of acetaminophen cause
Nausea Jaundice comiting diarrhea shock
What is ASA used for
Analgesic
antipyretic
anti-inflammatory
What can ASA cause that is related for its antiplatelet affect
Petechia
Decrease in MI and stroke
What is it called when you OD on ASA
Salicylism
What are some symptoms of salicylism
Gastritis Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea CNS damage
What does Cocaine do
Blocks re-uptake of dopamine in CNS
Causes Euphoria
What are the adverse effects of Cocaine use
Seizures Tachycardia Increase BP Vasoconstriction Hyperpyrexia
