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Pathology 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What has a greater impact on health, Personal environment or ambient environment

A

Personal environment

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2
Q

What results in environmental disease

A

Results of exposure to chemical or physical agents

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of occupational illness

A

Chronic exposure

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4
Q

How does climate change affect our health

A

as greenhouse gasses increase, and deforestation increases there is an increase of Heat-related illness, cardiovascular disease, crop failure, contaminated water, vector-borne infections

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5
Q

What is Toxicology

A

Study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

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6
Q

What does toxicology include

A

Trauma
Radiation
heat
Dosage

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7
Q

What are xenobiotics

A

Chemicals not produced/expected in an organism, but found inside

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8
Q

How are can we be exposed to xenobiotics

A

Inhalation
Ingestion
Cutaneous contact

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9
Q

Where do xenobiotics act

A

Site of entry or site of storage

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10
Q

What happens to xenobiotics

A

They are metabiolized into H2O soluble products, or turned into Toxic metabolites

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11
Q

What are the environmental pollutants

A

Airborne microbes

Gases and particulates

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12
Q

What are most vulnerable to environmental pollution

A

Lungs

and various systems

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13
Q

Ozone is degraded by automobile exhaust to produce smog. What does smog do to us

A

Cause ROS production that damages airways
Cause inflammation
Decrease function of lungs

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14
Q

Buring fossil fules produces Sulfur dioxide, particulates, acid aerosols. What does this do to us

A

Decrease mucociliary clearance leading to inflammation and infections

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15
Q

What is a colourless tateless ororless gas that can kill us

A

Carbon Monoxide

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16
Q

Why is carbon monoxide so lethal

A

it has 200x more affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen has. (asphyxiant)

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17
Q

What happens to the body when you are exposed to carbon monoxide

A

CNS depression

Lethal hypoxia

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18
Q

What is the most common type of indoor pollution

A

Tobacco somke
CO2
Asbestos
Nitrogen dioxide (wood smoke)

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19
Q

What is radon

A

Colourless ordorless gas that increases the risk of lung cancer

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20
Q

What are bioaerosols

A

Airborne particles that contain or were from living organisms

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21
Q

What is one of the most common metallic environmental pollutants

A

Lead

pain, pipes, soil

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22
Q

What happens to the blood brain barrier when lead is absorbed

A

Increases permeability

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23
Q

What happens to children that are exposed to lead

A 
irreversible CNS defects
brain damage
encephalopathy
coma
seizures
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24
Q

What happens to adults that are exposed to lead

A

Reversible peripheral neuropathies

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25
Q

What does lead target

A 
Blood
Bone marrow
nervous system
GI tract
Kidneys
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26
Q

What is especialy vulnerable to mercury

A

The developing brain

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27
Q

How does mercury cause damage

A

It accumulates in neurons

Block ion channels

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28
Q

What can mercury poisoning cause

A

Tremors
Confused speech
distorted vision

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29
Q

who should avoid carnivorous fish (tuna)

A

Babies

Pregnant women

30
Q

How does methymercury accumulate in tune

A

It is used in gold mining, and enters water supply. It is water soluble is accumulates in the plant life and moves up that chain building in concentration

31
Q

Where is arsenic found naturally

A

In soil and H2O in bangladesh, chile, china

32
Q

What does arsenic cause when ingested

A

Interference with oxidation phosphorylation, leading to death

33
Q

What effect does arsenic have on the skin

A

It is carcinogenic causing skin cancer

34
Q

What cancer does arsenic cause

A

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

35
Q

How are we exposed to cadmium

A

household waste

chemical fertilizers

36
Q

What does cadmium exposure do to us

A

Damages lungs
Kidneys
bones
Renal disease

37
Q

What is the disease caused by cadmium exposure called

A

itai-itai disease (ouch-ouch diseasea)

38
Q

What is characteristic of itai-itai disease

A

Bone loss and renal failure

39
Q

What are the industrial and agricultural products discussed in class that can cause cancer

A

Organic solvents
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Organochlorines

40
Q

What industrial or agricultural product can cause dizziness, Coma, Leukemia.

Comes from dry cleaning, paint remover

A

Organic solvents

41
Q

What industrial or agricultural product is produced by steel foundaries, fossil fules, combustion. Causes lung and bladder cancer

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

42
Q

What industrial or agricultural product is produced by synthetic products and is an endocrine disruptor, causes neural toxicity and is lipophilic

A

Organochlorines

43
Q

What does tobacco smoke cause

A

Lung cancer
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis (CPOD)

44
Q

How is tobacco exposure measured

A

In pack years

Packs/day X years smoked

45
Q

how much does passive smoke increase cancer risk

A

30% increase

46
Q

what does second hand smoke cause in children

A

Asthma

47
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed in the body, is it alterd in there places

A

Stomach
SI

it is unaltered

48
Q

what organ and what enzyme metabolizes alcohol

A

O: liver
E: Cytochrome P-450

49
Q

What is alcohol metabolized into

A

Acetate

50
Q

What happens when alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol

A

Decrease in NAD+

Fatty liver disease
metabolic acidosis

51
Q

What is the alcohol Flush Reaction

A

it is a defective form of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

52
Q

What populations is Alcohol Flush Reaction most common in

A

Asians

53
Q

What does acute alcoholism/intoxication cause

A

Decrease in intellectual and motor functions

54
Q

What can chronic alcoholism cause

A 
Steatosis
Cirrhosis
CNS problems
Morbidity
Korsakoff syndrome
55
Q

What is the benefit of having 1 drink a day

A

Increase HDL’s and inhibit clotting

56
Q

What are ARDS

A

Adverse Drug reactions

57
Q

what are the two types of ADRs

A

Localized

Systemic

58
Q

What are Exogenous estrogens used for

A

Hormone replacement therapy

Oral contraceptives

59
Q

What is Estrogen replacement used for

A

Reduce menopause symptoms

60
Q

what are side effects of Estrogen replacement therapy

A 
increase HDL
Decrease LDL
Decrease heart disease
increase endometrial Cancer
Increase thrombosis
61
Q

What are the side effects + benefits or oral contraceptives

A

Increase thrombosis
little to no breast cervical cancer
protectoin from endometiral + ovarian cancer

62
Q

What is Acetaminophen used for

A

Analgesic

Antipyretic

63
Q

Where and how is acetaminophen metabolized

A

in the liver

by cytochrome p-450 system

64
Q

what is the toxic does of acetaminophen

A

15-25 grams

65
Q

What can an overdoes of acetaminophen cause

A 
Nausea
Jaundice
comiting
diarrhea
shock
66
Q

What is ASA used for

A

Analgesic
antipyretic
anti-inflammatory

67
Q

What can ASA cause that is related for its antiplatelet affect

A

Petechia

Decrease in MI and stroke

68
Q

What is it called when you OD on ASA

A

Salicylism

69
Q

What are some symptoms of salicylism

A 
Gastritis
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
CNS damage
70
Q

What does Cocaine do

A

Blocks re-uptake of dopamine in CNS

Causes Euphoria

71
Q

What are the adverse effects of Cocaine use

A 
Seizures
Tachycardia
Increase BP
Vasoconstriction
Hyperpyrexia

Pathology 1 (6 decks)

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