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Pathology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions

A

Injurious immune reactions

secondary tissue injury

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2
Q

What are the 3 common causes

A

Autoimmunity
Microbial rxns (TB)
Environmental

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3
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity?

A

Allergies

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4
Q

How quickly does type I hypersensitivity happen

A

Immediate (within minutes)

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5
Q

What happens in a Type I hypersensitivity rxn

A

1) Helper T cells activated
2) Increase IgE production
3) Mast Cell degranulation (Histamine)
4) Edema, increased mucus secretion, Bronchoconstriction

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6
Q

What is the worst type of reaction to a type I hypersensitivity

A

Severe anaphylaxis

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7
Q

What can occur with late-phase Type I hypersensitivity

A

Eipthelial damage

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8
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are know as what

A

Cytotoxic reactions

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9
Q

What antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity

A

IgM, IgE

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10
Q

What are two syndromes associated with Type II hypersensitivity

A

Goodpasture syndrom

Graves disease

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11
Q

What test can be used to indicate Type II hypersensitivity

A

Coomb’s test

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12
Q

What is Type III hypersensitivity reactions know as

A

Immune complex formation

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13
Q

What can type III hypersensitivity cause

A

Systemic and Local inflammation

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14
Q

What are some symptoms due to systems type III hypersensitivity

A

Fever, arthritis, vasculitis, proteinuria, lymphadenopathy

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15
Q

What are a some diseases associated with Type III hypersensitivity

A

Lupus (SLE)
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
reactive arthritis
serum sickness

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16
Q

What is Type IV hypersensitivity

A

T cell-mediated inflammation

or delayed inflammation

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17
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity associated with

A

Autoimmune disorders

Persistent infections

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18
Q

How prominent are autoimmune disorders

A

they are in about 2-5% of the population

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19
Q

What can cause autoimmune disorders

A 
Genetic mutations
Environmental factors (infection, injury)
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20
Q

What are the prime targets for autoimmune disorders

A

Connective tissue and vessels

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21
Q

What is Lupus erythematosus

A

Failed self-tolerance

Formations of anti-nuclear antibodies

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22
Q

Who is more likely to have Lupus erythematosus

A

1: 700 women at childbearing age
1: 245 African american women of childbearing age

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23
Q

What autoantibody-mediated tissue injuries associated with Lupus erythematosus

A

Autoantibodies against cells (Type II)

Immune complex deposition (Type III)

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24
Q

What type of Vessel injury (thrombosis) is associated with Lupus Erythematosus

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

Acute necrotizing vasculitis

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25
Q

What type of renal failure (glomerulonephritis) is associated with Lupus Erythematosus

A

Proteinuria, Hematuria

Urinary red blood cell casts

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26
Q

What are the symptoms that may manifest in lupus erythematosus

A 
Thrombosis
Glomerulonephritis
Fever
Photosensitivity
Serositis
Hair loss
Libman-sacks endocarditis of mitral valve
G.I discomfort
Oral ulcers
Arthritis
Seizures
Fatigue
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27
Q

What photosensitivity rash is associated with lupus erythematosus

A

Malar (butterfly) rash
Discoid rash
Dermoepidermal degeneration

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28
Q

What is the survival rate for people that have lupus erythematosus

A

95% 5 year survival rate

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29
Q

What symptoms of lupus cause death

A 
renal failure (glomerulonephritis)
Infections
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30
Q

What is Sojgrens syndrome

A

Exocrine gland destruction and enlargement

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31
Q

What is sjogrens syndrome of the lacrimal glands

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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32
Q

What does Keratoconjunctivitis cause

A

Dry eyes
Inflammation of eyes
erosion
ulceration

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33
Q

What is sjogrens syndrome of salivary glands

A

Xerostomia

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34
Q

What does xerostomia cause

A

Dry mouth
Fissuring of mouth/tongue
Ulcerations

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35
Q

What are the two types of sjogrens syndrome

A

Isolated: sicca syndrome

Secondary autoimmune

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36
Q

What type of sjogrens syndrome is the most common

A

60% of all cases are secondary autoimmune disorders

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37
Q

What age and sex is most likely to be affects by sjogrens syndrome

A

Females

35-45

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38
Q

What does sjorgrens syndrome increase the risk of

A

B Cell lymphoma

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39
Q

What is characteristic of Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

A 
Extensive fibrosis in multiple tissues
Vascular destriction (small arteries)
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40
Q

What tissue is systemic sclerosis most common in?

A

95% Skin

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41
Q

What are and sex is systemic sclerosis most common

A

Females age 40-60

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42
Q

What are some features associated with Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

A 
Raynaud Phenomenon
Malabsorption
Dysphagia
Renovascular HTN
renal failure
pulmonary HTN
Dyspnea
myalgia
arthritis
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43
Q

What are the two types of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

A

Limited

Diffuse

44
Q

What is the “syndrome” used to describe limited systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

A

C.R.E.S.T syndrome

45
Q

What type of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is associated with: mild skin involvement; mainly fingers, face

A

Limited

46
Q

What type of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is associated with: Rapid/widespread skin involvement

A

Diffuse

47
Q

What is “CREST syndrome” in reference to Systemic sclerosis

A 
C: Calcinosis
R: Raynaud phenomenon
E: Esophageal dysmotility
S: Sclerodactyly
T: Telangiectasia (spider veins)
48
Q

What are the two broad types of immune deficiency disorders

A 
Primary = Congenital
Secondary = Acquired
49
Q

What type of immune deficiency is associated with genetic variability

A

Congenital

50
Q

How long does it take for a primary immune deficiency to be seen

A

6-24 month

51
Q

What are the Primary immune deficiencies talked about in class

A 
Bruton disease
Common variable immunodeficiency
Isolated IgA deficiency
Hyper-IgM syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Defects in lymphocyte activation
Defects in innate immunity
52
Q

What is the onset, sex, and problem associted with Bruton disease

A

Onset: 6 months
Males
Failed B cell Maturation = no antibodies

53
Q

How do you treat bruton disease

A

IgG infusions

54
Q

What is the onset, sex and problem associated with Common variable immunodeficiency

A

Males, Females
10-30 years old
Decreased antibody response to infxn

55
Q

In common variable immunodeficiency, why is there a decreased antibody response to infxns

A

There are Normal B cells but no Plasma cells

56
Q

What race and ratio of people with isolated IgA deficiency

A

Caucasians

1:700 people

57
Q

What is the immune problem associated with Isolated IgA deficiency

A

decreased IgA production

Increased G.I and respiratory infections

58
Q

What is happening with Hyper-IgM syndrome

A

increased IgM
decreased IgG, IgA, IgE
recurrent bacterial infections

59
Q

What type of mutation is associated with hyper-IgM syndrome

A

70% are X-linked mutations

60
Q

What is the prevelance of Hyper-IgM syndrome

A

1:100,000

61
Q

What is the common name for Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

Bubble Boy syndrome

62
Q

What is going on in SCID (bubble boy syndrome)

A

lymphopenia (decreased T and B cells)
Lymphoid atrophy

They are have no immune system

63
Q

What is associated with Defects in lymphocyte activation

A

Defective T cell immunity

Chronic fungal infections

64
Q

What is associated with Defects in innate immunity

A

Altered complement phagocytosis

Multiple infections

65
Q

What are some types of secondary deficiency disorders

A

Infections
Malnutrition
Aging
Cancer

66
Q

What are the mechanisms of infections for secondary immune deficiency disorders

A

Suppression of Marrow

Lymphocyte dysfunction

67
Q

What causes Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

68
Q

What is the most common way to transmit HIV

A

Blood, Semen, Vaginal fluid, breast milk

75% sexually transmitted

69
Q

What does HIV do

A

Destroys CD4+T cells and macrophages

70
Q

What does HIV allow for

A

Opportunistic infections that are rare in age/race/region

71
Q

What is the most common way to transmit HIV in the US

A

Male-Male sex

72
Q

What is the most common way to transmit HIV in the world

A

Male-Female sex

73
Q

What is the most common cause in transmission of HIV (I.e what happens during unprotected sex)

A

Mircoabrasions and semen

74
Q

What are the two tests used to determine HIV

A

ELISA test

Western Blot

75
Q

How can a person carry HIV but be immune to it

A

They have a mutation in CCR5 receptor protein

Prevents HIV from entering cell

76
Q

How long does the acute stage of HIV/AIDS last

A

3-6 weeks after infection

77
Q

What is associted with the acute stage of HIV/AIDS

A

Pyrexia
Pharyngitis
Myalgia
Viremia

78
Q

After initial HIV infection how long does it take for Viremia to decrease

A

~12 weeks

79
Q

How long does the Chronic stage of HIV/AIDS last

A

2-10 years after infection

80
Q

What is happening at a cellular level during the chronic stage of HIV/AIDS

A

Steady decline of CD4+T Cells

Gradually increase Viremia

81
Q

What infections are associated with the Chronic stage of HIV/AIDS

A

Pyrexia
Fatigue
Candidiasis

82
Q

When does the Crisis stage of HIV/AIDS occur

A

when there are less than 200 CD4+Tcells per ul

83
Q

What is associated with the crisis stage of HIV/AIDS

A 
increased viremia
Cachexia
fatigue
pyrexia
diarrhea
wt loss
CNS defects
84
Q

What is a persons who has HIV/AIDS most likely to die from?

A

Opportunistic infections (80%)

85
Q

What is the “AIDS-defining” Pathogen

A

Fungal: Pneumocytosis, Candidiasis

86
Q

What causes CNS injury due to AIDS/HIV

A

infected monocytes –> Meningitis

87
Q

What can someone take to prolong their life when they have AIDS/HIV

A

antiretoviral meds

88
Q

What is the actual origin of AIDS

A

Eating of primates

89
Q

What is amyloidosis

A

inflammaroty or inherited diseases caused due to misfolded proteins

90
Q

what is an Amyloid

A

non-branching fibrillar proteins

91
Q

How do amyloids cause problems in the body

A

They are not phagocytised and accumulate causeing tissue damage and disrupt functions of tissues

92
Q

What are the types of Amyloids

A

Amyloid light (AL)
Amylod-associtaed (AA)
B-Amyloid (AB)

93
Q

Of those in the crisis stage of AIDS; what viruses are most likely to cause: Neoplasia/ CNS lymphoma

A

KSHV
EBV
HPV

94
Q

What type of amyloid plaque is strongly associated with Alzheimer Disease

A

B-Amyloid

95
Q

What type of Amyloid is found in the liver and chronic inflammation

A

Amyloid-Associated (AA)

96
Q

What type of amyloid is associated with immunoglobulin light chains and Bence-Jones proteins

A

Amyloid Light (AL)

97
Q

What are the types of Amyloidosis (not amaloids)

A

Systemic
Localized
Hereditary

98
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of systemic amyloidosis

A

Primary
Secondary
Aging

99
Q

What type of systemic amyloidosis is associated with malignant plasma cells, what amyloids are there too

A

Primary

Amyloid light proteins

100
Q

What type of systemic amyloidosis is associated with chronic inflammation. What amyloids are associated with it

A

Secondary

Amyloid-associated

101
Q

What type of systemic amyloidosis is associated with elderly

A

Aging (senile systemic amyloidosis)

102
Q

What type of amyloidosis is associated with multiple organ systems

A

Systemic

103
Q

What type of amyloidosis is associated with single organ/tissue

A

Localized

104
Q

What type of amyloidosis is rare, family related and/or geographic

A

Hereditary

105
Q

What is the most common organ to have amyloid plaques

A

Kidney

106
Q

What type of amyloids are commonly found in the brain

A

B-amyloid plaques

Pathology 1 (6 decks)

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