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Pathology 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hyperemia

A

Increase of arteriolar dilation

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2
Q

What is hyperemia associated with

A

Inflammation or exercise

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3
Q

What is Congestion (blood)

A

Decrease venous outflow

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4
Q

What does hyperemia cause

A

Erythema (redness)

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5
Q

What does Congestion (blood) Cause

A

Tissue Cyanosis (blueness)

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6
Q

What is associated with Congestion

A

Venous obstruction
Heart failure
Testicular torsion

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7
Q

What condition is associated with alveolar capillary engorgement, edema, hemorrhage

A

Acute Pulmonary Congestion

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8
Q

What syndrome is associated with Acute pulmonary congestion

A

Acute Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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9
Q

What condition is associated with alveloar septa fibrosis, alveloar marcophages

A

Chronic Pulmonary Congestion

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10
Q

What are the ‘heart failure cells’

A

Alveolar macrophages and hemosiderin

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11
Q

What is associated with congestive hepatopathy

A

Steatosis, fibrosis, hemorrhage, necrosis “nutmeg liver”

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12
Q

Chronic heart failure leads to what liver condition

A

Hepatic Congestion

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13
Q

How much of the bodys H2O is intracellular

A

2/3

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14
Q

What condition is characterized by abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

A

Edema

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15
Q

What is it called when edema is within subcutaneous tissue

A

anasarca

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16
Q

Is transudate protein poor or rich

A

Poor

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17
Q

What causes Hydrostatic pressure in the body

A

Blood pressure

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18
Q

What causes Osmotic pressure

A

Plasma proteins

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19
Q

What problems can occur with increased hydrostatic pressure

A

Impaired venous return
Blood clots
Congestive heart failure

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20
Q

How can you treat/fix increased hydrostatic pressure

A

Restore cardiac output
Thrombolysis
decrease sodium
diuretics

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21
Q

What is associated with a reduction of osmotic pressure

A

Generalized albumin

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22
Q

What plasma proteins are involved in creating osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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23
Q

Condition in which serum albumin levers are low

A

Hypoalbuminemia

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24
Q

What is associated with a decrease in serum albumin

A

Cirrhosis
Hepatits
liver failure
malnutrition

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25
Q

What condition(s) is associated with an increase of protein loss

A 
Nephrotic syndrom (proteinuria)
Leaky glomerular capillaries
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26
Q

Other than high blood pressure and decreased osmotic pressure; what can also cause edema

A

Lymphatic obstruction
Retention of sodium
inflammation

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27
Q

What can happen when sodium/H2O is retained

A

Increase Blood volume/hydrostatic pressure

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28
Q

What causes Retention of sodium/H2O

A

Acute renal failure

High salt diet

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29
Q

What causes edema at sites of inflammation

A

Increased vessel permeability

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30
Q

Is exudate of Transudate associated with inflammation edema

A

Exudate (protein rich fluid)

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31
Q

What is another name for Lymphatic obstruction

A

Lymphedema

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32
Q

What is lymphedema (lymphatic obstruction) caused by

A

inflammation, neoplasia, filariasis, fibrosis due to irradiation, surgery

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33
Q

What are indicators of edema

A

Inflammation
Left ventricular failure (CHF)
Renal failure

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34
Q

What tissues can experience edem

A

All

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35
Q

What is dependent edema

A

Fluid accumulation in tissues influenced by gravity

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36
Q

Where does standing dependent edema accumulate

A

Ankles/legs

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37
Q

Where does recumbent edema accumulate

A

Sacrum

38
Q

What is Pitting edema

A

Transudate accumulation

applying pressure with finger will make a dimple (pit)

39
Q

What is associated with Pitting edema

A

No-osmosis
low serum albumin
possible Renal failure
painless

40
Q

What is non-pitting edema

A

Exudate accumulations

applying pressure with finger will cause pain and no dimple

41
Q

What is associated with non-pitting edema

A

Inflammation

42
Q

What is a hemorrhage

A

Extravasation of blood from vessels

43
Q

What can cause hemorrhage

A

Trauma
Atherosclerosis
inflammation
neoplasia

44
Q

What is a Hematoma

A

A large accumulation of Blood within tissue

45
Q

What can cause hematoma

A

Contusion or ecchymosis

46
Q

What type of shock is associated with a rapid loss of 20% or more blood volume

A

Hypovolemic shock

47
Q

What was the example given in class about Hypovolemic shock

A

When a person is pinned up against a wall, and if they are moved will cause massive blood loss

48
Q

What is another name for Ecchymosis (type of Hemorrhage)

A

A bruse

49
Q

What is another name of petechiae (type of Hemorrhage)

A

Scurvy

50
Q

What is the condition associated with hemorrhages due to fragile vessels

A

Purpura (kaposi sarcoma/AIDS)

51
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Clot formation inside a vessel

52
Q

What causes platelets to bind together

A

ECM exposure which activated platelet binging

53
Q

What activates with coagulation cascade

A

Activation of thromibin

54
Q

What can cause a greater risk of acquired thrombosis

A

Smoking, Pregnancy, obesity, irregular heart valves, immobilization, trauma

55
Q

What are the inherited risks of thrombosis

A

mutation in Factor V (anti-thrombotic) or prothrombin (increase thrombosis)

56
Q

What is virchow’s triad (3 things that will lead to thrombosis)

A

Endothelial injury
abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulability

57
Q

What is thrombosis that causes an obstruction or embolism

A

Thromboembolism

58
Q

What are the fates of Thrombosis

A

Embolize, dissolve, organise, recanalization, enlarge

59
Q

What are the features of venous thrombosis

A

Congestion
Tenderness
Pitting edema

60
Q

What are the features of arterial thrombosis

A

Infarction (heart, brain)

61
Q

What is disseminated intravascular soagulation (DIC)

A

widespread thrombosis

62
Q

What can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Activation of the clotting cascade
Crushing injuries
obstetric complications
sepsis

63
Q

What can disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) cause

A

Widespread organ failure
Ischemia/infarction
Hemorrhage

64
Q

What is an embolism

A

Detached intravascular mass

65
Q

What can cause an embolism

A 
Fat
plaque debris
tumor fragment
amniotic fluid
nitrogen
air
66
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism

A

Occlusion of a pulmonry artery

67
Q

What is the main cause of a pulmonary embolism

A

95% from deep vein thrombosis of the femoral vein, thigh

68
Q

what percentage of pulmonary embolisms are fatal

A

2%

69
Q

What percentage of pulmonary embolisms are clinically silent

A

80%

70
Q

What are they symptoms of pulmonary embolisms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea (>20bpm), Cough, chest pain, cyanosis, hypoxia, collapse

71
Q

What is systemic thromboembolism

A

An embolism within the arterial system

72
Q

What determines severity of systemic thromboembolism

A

Tissue site of obstruction

73
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism

A

Embolism that crosses from venous to arterial system

74
Q

What can a paradoxical embolism cause

A

Stroke

75
Q

What is an infarction

A

Vascular occlusion

76
Q

What type of necrosis is associated with an infarction

A

Coagulative necrosis

77
Q

What are the two categories of an infarction

A

Red (hemorrhagic)

White (anemic)

78
Q

What are the traditional features of shock

A 
Increase respiration
Increase HR
Cool clammy skin
Decreased Urine output
Hypotension
thirst
decreased level of consciousness
79
Q

What are the different types of Shock

A 
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Septic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
80
Q

What is Cardiogenic Shock

A

Pump failure

81
Q

What can cause cardiogenic shock

A

myocardiac infaction
Arrhythmia
cardiac tamponade

82
Q

What is hypovolemic Shock

A

Loss of blood or plasma volume

83
Q

What can cause hypovolemic Shock

A

Hemorrhage, Burns, dehydration

84
Q

What is septic shock

A

Infection leads to immune reaction

85
Q

What is Neurogenic shock

A

CNS trauma, spinal anesthesia

86
Q

What is anaphylactic shock

A

Severe allergy rxn –> vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

87
Q

Why do you need to elevate a persons legs when they are in shock?

A

Blood pools in legs due to poor circulation. Prevents thrombosis

88
Q

What are the stages of shock

A

Nonprogressive
Progressive
irreversible

89
Q

What is characteristic of the progressive stage of shock

A

hypoperfusion
acidosis –>dilates vessels
decreased cardiac output

90
Q

What is characteristic of the irreversible stage of shock

A

Widespread damage to membranes + organ damage

Lethal

91
Q

What is characteristic of the Nonprogressive stage of shock

A

SNS compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion to vital organs

Pathology 1 (6 decks)

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