Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is Hyperemia
Increase of arteriolar dilation
What is hyperemia associated with
Inflammation or exercise
What is Congestion (blood)
Decrease venous outflow
What does hyperemia cause
Erythema (redness)
What does Congestion (blood) Cause
Tissue Cyanosis (blueness)
What is associated with Congestion
Venous obstruction
Heart failure
Testicular torsion
What condition is associated with alveolar capillary engorgement, edema, hemorrhage
Acute Pulmonary Congestion
What syndrome is associated with Acute pulmonary congestion
Acute Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What condition is associated with alveloar septa fibrosis, alveloar marcophages
Chronic Pulmonary Congestion
What are the ‘heart failure cells’
Alveolar macrophages and hemosiderin
What is associated with congestive hepatopathy
Steatosis, fibrosis, hemorrhage, necrosis “nutmeg liver”
Chronic heart failure leads to what liver condition
Hepatic Congestion
How much of the bodys H2O is intracellular
2/3
What condition is characterized by abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
Edema
What is it called when edema is within subcutaneous tissue
anasarca
Is transudate protein poor or rich
Poor
What causes Hydrostatic pressure in the body
Blood pressure
What causes Osmotic pressure
Plasma proteins
What problems can occur with increased hydrostatic pressure
Impaired venous return
Blood clots
Congestive heart failure
How can you treat/fix increased hydrostatic pressure
Restore cardiac output
Thrombolysis
decrease sodium
diuretics
What is associated with a reduction of osmotic pressure
Generalized albumin
What plasma proteins are involved in creating osmotic pressure
Albumin
Condition in which serum albumin levers are low
Hypoalbuminemia
What is associated with a decrease in serum albumin
Cirrhosis
Hepatits
liver failure
malnutrition
What condition(s) is associated with an increase of protein loss
Nephrotic syndrom (proteinuria) Leaky glomerular capillaries
Other than high blood pressure and decreased osmotic pressure; what can also cause edema
Lymphatic obstruction
Retention of sodium
inflammation
What can happen when sodium/H2O is retained
Increase Blood volume/hydrostatic pressure
What causes Retention of sodium/H2O
Acute renal failure
High salt diet
What causes edema at sites of inflammation
Increased vessel permeability
Is exudate of Transudate associated with inflammation edema
Exudate (protein rich fluid)
What is another name for Lymphatic obstruction
Lymphedema
What is lymphedema (lymphatic obstruction) caused by
inflammation, neoplasia, filariasis, fibrosis due to irradiation, surgery
What are indicators of edema
Inflammation
Left ventricular failure (CHF)
Renal failure
What tissues can experience edem
All
What is dependent edema
Fluid accumulation in tissues influenced by gravity
Where does standing dependent edema accumulate
Ankles/legs
Where does recumbent edema accumulate
Sacrum
What is Pitting edema
Transudate accumulation
applying pressure with finger will make a dimple (pit)
What is associated with Pitting edema
No-osmosis
low serum albumin
possible Renal failure
painless
What is non-pitting edema
Exudate accumulations
applying pressure with finger will cause pain and no dimple
What is associated with non-pitting edema
Inflammation
What is a hemorrhage
Extravasation of blood from vessels
What can cause hemorrhage
Trauma
Atherosclerosis
inflammation
neoplasia
What is a Hematoma
A large accumulation of Blood within tissue
What can cause hematoma
Contusion or ecchymosis
What type of shock is associated with a rapid loss of 20% or more blood volume
Hypovolemic shock
What was the example given in class about Hypovolemic shock
When a person is pinned up against a wall, and if they are moved will cause massive blood loss
What is another name for Ecchymosis (type of Hemorrhage)
A bruse
What is another name of petechiae (type of Hemorrhage)
Scurvy
What is the condition associated with hemorrhages due to fragile vessels
Purpura (kaposi sarcoma/AIDS)
What is thrombosis
Clot formation inside a vessel
What causes platelets to bind together
ECM exposure which activated platelet binging
What activates with coagulation cascade
Activation of thromibin
What can cause a greater risk of acquired thrombosis
Smoking, Pregnancy, obesity, irregular heart valves, immobilization, trauma
What are the inherited risks of thrombosis
mutation in Factor V (anti-thrombotic) or prothrombin (increase thrombosis)
What is virchow’s triad (3 things that will lead to thrombosis)
Endothelial injury
abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulability
What is thrombosis that causes an obstruction or embolism
Thromboembolism
What are the fates of Thrombosis
Embolize, dissolve, organise, recanalization, enlarge
What are the features of venous thrombosis
Congestion
Tenderness
Pitting edema
What are the features of arterial thrombosis
Infarction (heart, brain)
What is disseminated intravascular soagulation (DIC)
widespread thrombosis
What can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Activation of the clotting cascade
Crushing injuries
obstetric complications
sepsis
What can disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) cause
Widespread organ failure
Ischemia/infarction
Hemorrhage
What is an embolism
Detached intravascular mass
What can cause an embolism
Fat plaque debris tumor fragment amniotic fluid nitrogen air
What is a pulmonary embolism
Occlusion of a pulmonry artery
What is the main cause of a pulmonary embolism
95% from deep vein thrombosis of the femoral vein, thigh
what percentage of pulmonary embolisms are fatal
2%
What percentage of pulmonary embolisms are clinically silent
80%
What are they symptoms of pulmonary embolisms
Dyspnea, tachypnea (>20bpm), Cough, chest pain, cyanosis, hypoxia, collapse
What is systemic thromboembolism
An embolism within the arterial system
What determines severity of systemic thromboembolism
Tissue site of obstruction
What is a paradoxical embolism
Embolism that crosses from venous to arterial system
What can a paradoxical embolism cause
Stroke
What is an infarction
Vascular occlusion
What type of necrosis is associated with an infarction
Coagulative necrosis
What are the two categories of an infarction
Red (hemorrhagic)
White (anemic)
What are the traditional features of shock
Increase respiration Increase HR Cool clammy skin Decreased Urine output Hypotension thirst decreased level of consciousness
What are the different types of Shock
Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Septic Neurogenic Anaphylactic
What is Cardiogenic Shock
Pump failure
What can cause cardiogenic shock
myocardiac infaction
Arrhythmia
cardiac tamponade
What is hypovolemic Shock
Loss of blood or plasma volume
What can cause hypovolemic Shock
Hemorrhage, Burns, dehydration
What is septic shock
Infection leads to immune reaction
What is Neurogenic shock
CNS trauma, spinal anesthesia
What is anaphylactic shock
Severe allergy rxn –> vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
Why do you need to elevate a persons legs when they are in shock?
Blood pools in legs due to poor circulation. Prevents thrombosis
What are the stages of shock
Nonprogressive
Progressive
irreversible
What is characteristic of the progressive stage of shock
hypoperfusion
acidosis –>dilates vessels
decreased cardiac output
What is characteristic of the irreversible stage of shock
Widespread damage to membranes + organ damage
Lethal
What is characteristic of the Nonprogressive stage of shock
SNS compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion to vital organs
