Chapter 7

Question 1

3 conditions for germination

Answer 1

viable, appropriate conditions, and overcome dormancy

Question 2

dormancy

Answer 2

condition where seeds will not germinate even when the environment is suitable for germination

Question 3

3 phases of early germination

Answer 3

Imbibition, lag, and radicle protrusion

Question 4

imbibition

Answer 4

initial stage of water uptake in dry seeds

Question 5

4 critical cell activities during lag phase

Answer 5

mitochondria maturation, protein synthesis, and storage reserve metabolism, and enzyme production

Question 6

epigeous

Answer 6

germination when a seedling emerges from the soil using the hypocotyl hook to penetrate the soil first

Question 7

gypogeous

Answer 7

germination when a seedling emerges from the soil using the shoot tip to penetrate the soil first

Question 8

3 major storage reserves

Answer 8

proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 9

3 measurements of germination

Answer 9

percentage, speed (rate), and uniformity

Question 10

environmental factors influencing germination

Answer 10

temperature, gas, water, and light

Question 11

thermoinhibition

Answer 11

the influence of germination by high or low temperature

Question 12

priming

Answer 12

a pregermination treatment that enhances germination. it is controlled hydration treatment that allows seeds to begin the germination process, but prevents radicle emergence

Question 13

osmotic priming

Answer 13

imbibing seeds in osmotic solutions

Question 14

matrix priming

Answer 14

using solid carriers with appropriate matric potential

Question 15

drum priming

Answer 15

hydrates seeds with water in a tumbling drum

Question 16

damping off

Answer 16

collective term for various disease organisms that can cause early seedling death

Question 17

primary dormancy

Answer 17

common condition of seeds when they are shed from the plant. will not germinate even under normally permissive conditions

Question 18

kinds of primary dormancy

Answer 18

exogenous, endogenous, and combinational

Question 19

kinds of secondary dormancy

Answer 19

thermodormancy and conditional

Question 20

exogenous dormancy

Answer 20

from factors outside of the embryo such as seed coat or fruit

Question 21

macroscereid cells

Answer 21

cells in seed coat that are responsible for preventing water uptake in seeds with exogenous dormancy

Question 22

physiological dormancy

Answer 22

condition mainly controlled by factors within the embryo that must change before the seed can germinate

Question 23

morphological dormancy

Answer 23

seeds that have an embryo that is less than 1/4 the size of the seed when it is shed from the plant