Chapter 5

Question 1

fixing the genotype

Answer 1

the process of stabilizing the genotype of a seedling population to make it homozygous so that it will breed true

Question 2

homogenous

Answer 2

a population of seedlings that are phenotypically similar

Question 3

heterogenous

Answer 3

a population of seedlings that are not phenotypically similar

Question 4

homozygous

Answer 4

a population of seedlings whose genotypes are very similar

Question 5

heterozygous

Answer 5

a population of seedlings whose genotypes are not similar

Question 6

self-pollination

Answer 6

a breeding system in which the plant flower is pollinated by itself because of flower structure or isolation

Question 7

cross-pollination

Answer 7

a breeding system in which the plant is pollinated by pollen from a separate genotype either because of flower structure or artificial control during pollination.

Question 8

inbred line

Answer 8

a population of seedlings that produced a consecutive series of self-pollinations

Question 9

hybrid vigor

Answer 9

vigor expressed by a seedling population that exceeds that of either of the parents

Question 10

inbreeding depression

Answer 10

when inbreeding leads to reduced vigor, size, and productivity

Question 11

another term for hybrid vigor

Answer 11

heterosis

Question 12

dioecious

Answer 12

male and female flowers are produced on different plants

Question 13

monoecious

Answer 13

male and female parts are on different flowers on the same plant

Question 14

dichogamy

Answer 14

male and female parts on the same plant bloom at different times

Question 15

floral polymorphism

Answer 15

different arrangements of flower parts

Question 16

sexual incompatibility

Answer 16

genetic trait when pollen either fails to grow down the style or does not germinate on the stigma of a plant with the same incompatibility alleles

Question 17

self-incompatibility

Answer 17

a form of sexual incompatibility that has evolved to prevent self-pollination

Question 18

facultative apomictic

Answer 18

a plant in which both sexual and asexual embryos are produced on the same plant

Question 19

obligate apomictic

Answer 19

a plant in which all of the embryos are apomictic

Question 20

landrace

Answer 20

primitive varieties developed and maintained before the modern era of genetics

Question 21

cultivar

Answer 21

uniform and stable population that poceses recognizably distinct characteristics

Question 22

botanical variety

Answer 22

population originating in nature that are within one species but are phenotypically distinct

Question 23

heirloom varieties

Answer 23

preservation of historical open-pollinated varieties

Question 24

line

Answer 24

population of seedling plants whose genotype is maintained to a specific standard in consecutive generation

Question 25

F1 hybrid

Answer 25

first generation of a planned cross

Question 26

hybrid line

Answer 26

population that is produced by crossing 2 or more parental lines

Question 27

single cross

Answer 27

2 inbred lines

Question 28

double cross

Answer 28

two single-crosses

Question 29

top-cross

Answer 29

inbred line and open pollinated cultivar

Question 30

3-way-cross

Answer 30

single cross and inbred line

Question 31

synthetic cultivar

Answer 31

derived from the first generation of the open cross-fertilization of several lines or clones

Question 32

F2 cultivars

Answer 32

derived from open pollinated F1 hybrids

Question 33

clonal seed cultivars

Answer 33

maintained through apomictic seed production

Question 34

ecotypes

Answer 34

a genetically distinct group of plants within a species that is adapted to a specific ecological location

Question 35

cline

Answer 35

continuous genetic variation from one area to another in ecological adaptation

Question 36

provenance

Answer 36

indicates the seed origin--climactic and geographic

Question 37

elite tree

Answer 37

tree with outstanding phenotypic characteristics to be used as a seed source

Question 38

clonal seed source

Answer 38

cultivar maintained as a clone selected for producing outstanding seedlings

Question 39

selected families

Answer 39

consecutive groups of progeny trees related by origin and showing superior characteristics

Question 40

pollen sterility

Answer 40

genetic phenomenon when pollen is not viable

Question 41

methods of isolation

Answer 41

distance, cages, male-sterile plants

Question 42

roguing

Answer 42

removal of off-type plants, weeds, and plants of other cultivars in seed production fields

Question 43

genetic drift

Answer 43

change in the frequency of specific genes as a result of environmental or other types of selection

Question 44

local seed

Answer 44

seed from a natural area subjected to a restricted range of climactic and soil influences

Question 45

pure stand

Answer 45

a group of phenotypically similar seedling plants of the same kind

Question 46

phenotypic selection

Answer 46

selection of a seed source based on the phenotypic appearance of the source tree

Question 47

genotypic selection

Answer 47

selection of a seed source based on the phenotypic appearance of the seedling progeny

Question 48

high additive heritability

Answer 48

high correlation between phenotypic traits of offspring with the phenotypic traits of the parents

Question 49

low additive heritability

Answer 49

low correlation between phenotypic traits of offspring with the phenotypic traits of the parents

Question 50

pedigreed stock system

Answer 50

controlled seed production system of consecutive generations with standards to maintain genetic purity leading to commercial distribution

Question 51

phase one of pedigreed stock system

Answer 51

development phase resulting with breeders seed (primary reference for cultivar)

Question 52

phase two of pedigreed stock system

Answer 52

maintenance resulting with foundation seed or stock seed

Question 53

phase three of pedigree stock sytem

Answer 53

distribution

Question 54

seed certification

Answer 54

a system of seed production utilizing pedigree stock principles, which provides for legally enforceable standards of quality and genetic purity

Question 55

seed-collection zone

Answer 55

naturally occurring zone (forest plants) designated by elevation, latitude, and longitude that identifies a specific seed source

Question 56

seed production area

Answer 56

area of source plants specifically utilized for seed collection

Question 57

seed orchard

Answer 57

a planting used in forestry or in fruit tree nurseries to maintain a seed source as seedling populations of selected seed families or of a clone or collections of clones

Question 58

nursery row selection

Answer 58

a system of selection where specific progeny trees can be identified in a nursery row due to phenotype