Chapter 5 Flashcards
fixing the genotype
the process of stabilizing the genotype of a seedling population to make it homozygous so that it will breed true
homogenous
a population of seedlings that are phenotypically similar
heterogenous
a population of seedlings that are not phenotypically similar
homozygous
a population of seedlings whose genotypes are very similar
heterozygous
a population of seedlings whose genotypes are not similar
self-pollination
a breeding system in which the plant flower is pollinated by itself because of flower structure or isolation
cross-pollination
a breeding system in which the plant is pollinated by pollen from a separate genotype either because of flower structure or artificial control during pollination.
inbred line
a population of seedlings that produced a consecutive series of self-pollinations
hybrid vigor
vigor expressed by a seedling population that exceeds that of either of the parents
inbreeding depression
when inbreeding leads to reduced vigor, size, and productivity
another term for hybrid vigor
heterosis
dioecious
male and female flowers are produced on different plants
monoecious
male and female parts are on different flowers on the same plant
dichogamy
male and female parts on the same plant bloom at different times
floral polymorphism
different arrangements of flower parts
sexual incompatibility
genetic trait when pollen either fails to grow down the style or does not germinate on the stigma of a plant with the same incompatibility alleles
self-incompatibility
a form of sexual incompatibility that has evolved to prevent self-pollination
facultative apomictic
a plant in which both sexual and asexual embryos are produced on the same plant
obligate apomictic
a plant in which all of the embryos are apomictic
landrace
primitive varieties developed and maintained before the modern era of genetics
cultivar
uniform and stable population that poceses recognizably distinct characteristics
botanical variety
population originating in nature that are within one species but are phenotypically distinct
heirloom varieties
preservation of historical open-pollinated varieties
line
population of seedling plants whose genotype is maintained to a specific standard in consecutive generation
F1 hybrid
first generation of a planned cross
hybrid line
population that is produced by crossing 2 or more parental lines
single cross
2 inbred lines
double cross
two single-crosses
top-cross
inbred line and open pollinated cultivar
3-way-cross
single cross and inbred line
synthetic cultivar
derived from the first generation of the open cross-fertilization of several lines or clones
F2 cultivars
derived from open pollinated F1 hybrids
clonal seed cultivars
maintained through apomictic seed production
ecotypes
a genetically distinct group of plants within a species that is adapted to a specific ecological location
cline
continuous genetic variation from one area to another in ecological adaptation
provenance
indicates the seed origin–climactic and geographic
elite tree
tree with outstanding phenotypic characteristics to be used as a seed source
clonal seed source
cultivar maintained as a clone selected for producing outstanding seedlings
selected families
consecutive groups of progeny trees related by origin and showing superior characteristics
pollen sterility
genetic phenomenon when pollen is not viable
methods of isolation
distance, cages, male-sterile plants
roguing
removal of off-type plants, weeds, and plants of other cultivars in seed production fields
genetic drift
change in the frequency of specific genes as a result of environmental or other types of selection
local seed
seed from a natural area subjected to a restricted range of climactic and soil influences
pure stand
a group of phenotypically similar seedling plants of the same kind
phenotypic selection
selection of a seed source based on the phenotypic appearance of the source tree
genotypic selection
selection of a seed source based on the phenotypic appearance of the seedling progeny
high additive heritability
high correlation between phenotypic traits of offspring with the phenotypic traits of the parents
low additive heritability
low correlation between phenotypic traits of offspring with the phenotypic traits of the parents
pedigreed stock system
controlled seed production system of consecutive generations with standards to maintain genetic purity leading to commercial distribution
phase one of pedigreed stock system
development phase resulting with breeders seed (primary reference for cultivar)
phase two of pedigreed stock system
maintenance resulting with foundation seed or stock seed
phase three of pedigree stock sytem
distribution
seed certification
a system of seed production utilizing pedigree stock principles, which provides for legally enforceable standards of quality and genetic purity
seed-collection zone
naturally occurring zone (forest plants) designated by elevation, latitude, and longitude that identifies a specific seed source
seed production area
area of source plants specifically utilized for seed collection
seed orchard
a planting used in forestry or in fruit tree nurseries to maintain a seed source as seedling populations of selected seed families or of a clone or collections of clones
nursery row selection
a system of selection where specific progeny trees can be identified in a nursery row due to phenotype
