Chapter 7

Question 1

control theory:

Answer 1

theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds
and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

Question 2

corporate crime

Answer 2

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Question 3

corrections system

Answer 3

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for,
convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

Question 4

court

Answer 4

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

Question 5

crime

Answer 5

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Question 6

criminal justice system

Answer 6

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

Question 7

cultural deviance theory

Answer 7

theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of
lower-class society causes crime

Question 8

deviance

Answer 8

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Question 9

differential association theory:

Answer 9

theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those
close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

Question 10

formal sanctions

Answer 10

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

Question 11

hate crimes

Answer 11

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

Question 12

informal sanctions:

Answer 12

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

Question 13

labeling theory

Answer 13

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

Question 14

legal codes

Answer 14

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

Question 15

master status:

Answer 15

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

Question 16

negative sanctions:

Answer 16

punishments for violating norms

Question 17

nonviolent crimes

Answer 17

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or
the threat of force

Question 18

police

Answer 18

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community
level

Question 19

positive sanctions

Answer 19

rewards given for conforming to norms

Question 20

power elite

Answer 20

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the
power and resources

Question 21

primary deviance

Answer 21

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the
individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Question 22

sanctions

Answer 22

the means of enforcing rules

Question 23

secondary deviance

Answer 23

occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his
or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Question 24

self-report study

Answer 24

collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as
questionnaires or telephone interviews

Question 25

social control

Answer 25

the regulation and enforcement of norms

Question 26

social disorganization theory

Answer 26

theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak

social ties and the absence of social control

Question 27

social order

Answer 27

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their
daily lives

Question 28

strain theory

Answer 28

theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and
having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Question 29

street crime:

Answer 29

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in
public spaces

Question 30

victimless crime

Answer 30

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other
than the person who engages in them

Question 31

violent crimes

Answer 31

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force