chapter 5

Question 1

anticipatory socialization:

Answer 1

when we prepare for future life roles

Question 2

degradation ceremony

Answer 2

the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of
their old identity and are given new ones

Question 3

generalized other

Answer 3

the common behavioral expectations of general society

Question 4

hidden curriculum

Answer 4

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal
norms

Question 5

moral development

Answer 5

the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society

Question 6

nature

Answer 6

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

Question 7

nurture

Answer 7

the role that our social environment plays in self-development

Question 8

peer group

Answer 8

a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share
interests

Question 9

resocialization

Answer 9

the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in
their place

Question 10

self

Answer 10

a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction

Question 11

socialization

Answer 11

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to
accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Question 12

Charles Cooley and George Mead

Answer 12

both

contributed significantly to the sociological understanding of the development of self

Question 13

Harlows’ study on rhesus monkeys

Answer 13

showed that monkeys also want warmth/ conditional love/ early social contacts

Question 14

preconventional stage

Answer 14

young children, who lack a higher level of cognitive ability,
experience the world around them only through their senses

Question 15

conventional theory develops

Answer 15

when youngsters become increasingly aware of others’ feelings and take
those into consideration when determining what’s “good” and “bad.”

Question 16

postconventional

Answer 16

when people begin to think of morality in abstract terms, such as Americans
believing that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Question 17

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development

Answer 17

his theory included three levels, prevonventional, conventional and postconventional.

Question 18

Sigmund Freud

Answer 18

He believed that personality and sexual
development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral,
anal, phallic, latency, and genital. He posited that people’s self development is closely linked to early
stages of development, like breastfeeding, toilet training, and sexual awareness

Question 19

Erik Erikson

Answer 19

Erikson’s view of self
development gave credit to more social aspects, like the way we negotiate between our own base
desires and what is socially accepted

Question 20

Jean Piaget

Answer 20

He recognized that the development
of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one’s mind and the world that
exists as it is experienced socially

Question 21

Charles Cooley

Answer 21

He
asserted that people’s self understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how others view
them—a process termed “the looking glass self”

Question 22

preparatory stage,

Answer 22

children are only
capable of imitation: they have no ability to imagine how others see things. They copy the actions of
people with whom they regularly interact, such as their mothers and fathers

Question 23

play stage,

Answer 23

during which children begin to take on the role that one other person might have. Thus,
children might try on a parent’s point of view by acting out “grownup” behavior, like playing “dress
up” and acting out the “mom” role, or talking on a toy telephone the way they see their father do.

Question 24

game stage

Answer 24

children learn to consider several roles at the same time and how those
roles interact with each other. They learn to understand interactions involving different people with a
variety of purposes. For example, a child at this is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of
people in a restaurant who together make for a smooth dining experience (someone seats you, another
takes your order, someone else cooks the food, while yet another clears away dirty dishes).

Question 25

George Herbert Mead

Answer 25

studied the self, a person’s distinct identity that is

developed through social interaction. Prepratory stage, play stage, and game stage.

Question 26

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development and Gender

Answer 26

she explained that boys and girls have different understandings of morality: boys are
socialized for a work environment where rules make operations run smoothly, while girls are socialized
for a home environment where flexibility allows for harmony in caretaking and nurturing