Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anesthesia - Vic > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an essential part of every patient evaluation, regardless of presenting complaint?

A

a pain assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nocieption?

A

detection by the nervous system of the potential for or the actual occurrence of tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

physiologic pain?

A

the protective sensation of pain that occurs when there is no or minimal tissue injury (pain you would feel that would warn you that you touched something sharp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathologic pa[n?

A

pain that occurs after tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathologic pain based on duration can be classified in two ways, what are they?

A

acute (hours) or chronic (days to years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathologic pain is often classified based on the?

A
  1. mechanism
  2. origin
  3. severity of pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The mechanism of pain can be?

A
  • inflammation - (ie. after trauma or surgery)
  • nerve injury (neuropathic)
  • cancer
  • idiopathic (no identifiable cause)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pain can originate from?

A

organs - visceral pain (pleuritis or colic)

musculoskeletal system - somatic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Somatic pain can be divided into what?

A

superficial (skin)
deep (joint, muscles, bones)
transmitted by both A delta and C fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Some diseases or surgeries may result in more than one of these types of pain, what are they?

A

abdominal surgery has components of somatic pain (skin and abdominal wall incisions) and visceral pain (organ manipulation and surgery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pain severity is often classified as?

A

none, mild, moderate, or severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pain is defined as?

A

an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Analgesia?

A
  • the absence of the awareness of pain, achieved through the use of drugs or other modes of therapy
  • the relief of pain without loss of consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the principles of analgesia - ethical and medical reasons that vets and techs have to follow?

A
  • must ensure analgesia is provided for every patient requiring it
  • must recognize procedures likely to be painful
  • must use techniques to minimize pain
  • must monitor behavior and physiologic variables as potential indicators or pain
  • technicians must bring animals requiring analgesia to the veterinarian’s attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Untreated pain can negatively affect a patient’s?

A
  • behavior
  • physiology
  • metabolis
  • immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chemicals released by inflammation or tissue damage?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, bradykinin, proteolytic enzymes, histamine, potassium ions, serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nociception, or the pain pathway consists of four main steps, what are they?

A
  1. Transduction - transformation of noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials
  2. transmission - sensory impulses are conducted to the spinal cord
  3. modulation - in the spinal cord where fibers terminate, the impulses can be altered by other neurons, which either amplify or suppress them.
  4. perception - impulses are transmitted to the brain, where they are processed and recognized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are action potentials?

A

electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mutimodal therapy?

A

using several analgesic drugs, each with a different mechanism of action - results in lower doses, which increases safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sensory neurons located in the ?

A

peripheral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neurons in the spinal cord…?

A

convey and impulse to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurons in the brain…?

A

convey the conscious sensation of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory neurons that transmit pain signals from peripheral tissues, spinal cord, and the brain?

A
  1. A delta fibers

2. C fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do A delta fibers do?

A
  • transmit sharp discrete pain signals
  • pain is located to an exact spot
  • large myelinated neurons conduct signals rapidly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do C fibers do?

A
  • transmit dull, aching or throbbing pain
  • sensations cannot be exactly localized
  • smaller, nonmyelinated neruons
  • visceral pain - cramping, burning, gnawing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the difference between nociception and pain?

A

consciousness This means that patients under a general anesthetic do not perceive pain. However, nocieption occurs even when an animal is in a state of unconciousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is primary hyperalgesia?

A

peripheral hypersensitivity

28
Q

What is CNS hypersensitivity or windup?

A

centrally, in the spinal cord, neurons that are stimulated by constant nociceptive input from the periphery become hyperexcitable and sensitive to low-intensity stimuli that would not normally elicit a pain repsonse

29
Q

What is secondary hyperalgesia?

A

an area away from the initial injury

30
Q

What are some behavioral responses to pain in dogs?

A
  • vocalization, facial expression, body posture, guarding, self-mutilation, activity, attitude, appetite, urinary bowel habits, grooming, response to palpation
31
Q

Body posture is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • hunched, laterally recumbent
32
Q

Guarding is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • protecting wound, limping
33
Q

Vocalization is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A

groan, growl, whimper, whine

34
Q

Facial expression is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A

fixed stare, glazed appearance, ears back

35
Q

Self-mutilation is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • licking, chewing SX site or wound
36
Q

Activity is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • restless, restricted movement, trembling
37
Q

Attitude is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • increased aggression or fearfulness
38
Q

Appetite - is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

39
Q

Urinary bowel habits - is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • increased urination, lapses in house training, urinary retention
40
Q

grooming is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • loss of sheen in hair coat
41
Q

Response to palpation - is one behavioral response in dogs, what are some examples?

A
  • protecting, biting, vocalization, withdrawing
42
Q

Cats behavior responses to pain are?

A
  • vocalization, facial expression, body posture, guarding, self-mutilation, activity, attitude, appetite, urinary bowel habits, grooming, response to palpation
43
Q

Vocalization is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

Groan, growl, purr

44
Q

Facial expression is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

furrowed brow, squinted eyes

45
Q

Body posture is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

sternal recumbency

46
Q

Guarding is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

protecting wound, limping

47
Q

Self-mutilation is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

licking and chewing SX site or wound

48
Q

Actiivty is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

restricted movement, circling

49
Q

Urinary and Bowel habits is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

failure to use the litter box

50
Q

Grooming is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

failure to groom, unkempt appearance

51
Q

Response to palpation is one behavioral response in cats, what are some examples?

A

protecting, biting, scratching, vocalizing, withdrawing attempts to escape

52
Q

Anthropomorphizing?

A

projecting human emotions onto animals

53
Q

Preemptive analgesia?

A

providing analgesia before tissue injury - commonly achieved by adding an analgesic to the premedication before anesthetizing a patient for surgery
- prevents windup, which, through changes in the CNS from central sensitizaition, can lead to pain that last longer than anticipated

54
Q

What are some examples of irritating or mildly painful procedures?

A

urine scald, clipper burns, IV or urinary catherization, distended bladder, superficial lacerations, eyelid procedures, dental prophylaxis

55
Q

What are some examples of mildly to moderately painful procedures?

A

endoscopy with biopsy, dental extraction, arterial catheterization, aural hematoma, stabilized radial or tibial FX (fracture), castration, OHE, ear flush, cytotomy

56
Q

What are some examples of moderately to severely painful procedures?

A

localized burns, corneal ulcerations, enucleation, thoracic or lumbar disk SX, Onychectomy, stabilized femoral or humeral FX, pelvic FX, mastectomy, cranial adominal SX, anal sacculectomy

57
Q

What are some examples of severely painful procedures?

A

extensive burns, pancreatitis, total hip replacement, cervical disk SX, forelimb or hindlimb amputation, ear ablation, thoracotomy, laminectomy

58
Q

What are some methods of pain control?

A
  • endorphins -released by neurons when the body is traumatized or under stress - bind to opioid receptors - provide some analgesia
  • acupuncture
  • transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
  • massage therapy
  • hot and cold therapy - for chronic and acute injuries
59
Q

Define emergence delirium?

60
Q

more methods of pain control?

A

conscientious nursing care - keep animals clean and dry
- affording opportunities for defecation and urination bladder expression, catherterizaiton
- comfortable bedding
quiet surroundings
gentle reassurance
monitoring

61
Q

Pain control in the surgical patient should be available at every stage of hospitalization and treatment, what are those stages?

A
  • preanesthetic period
  • surgical procedure
  • immediate postoperative period
  • remainder of the hospital stay
  • patient’s return home
62
Q

What are the options of delivering analgesic drugs?

A

IV, IM, SC, epidural, local infiltration

63
Q

What are the methods (drugs) of delivering analgesic drugs?

A

opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetic, combinations (multimodal therapy, balancec analgesia)
all governed by the severity and type of pain and the animal’s condition

64
Q

What are the advantages of administering analgesics?

A
  • before damage occurs
  • before patient has an awareness of pain
  • provides effective pain relief in recovering patients
  • allows a reduction in the amount of general anesthesia during SX
65
Q

Pharmacologic analgesia can be achieved through a variety of agents, what are they?

A

opioids, NSAIDs, alpha-2 agonists, ketamine, local anesthetics

Anesthesia - Vic (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions