Ch 3

Question 1

Anesthetic agent?

Answer 1

– any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness.

Question 2

Adjunct?

Answer 2

– used to describe a drug that is not a true anesthetic but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockage, or parasympathetic blockade. (used as part of a balanced anesthesia.

Question 3

Agonist – Antagonists?

Answer 3

– bind to more than one receptor type and simultaneously stimulate at least one and block at least one. Both partial agonists and agonist-antagonists are sometimes used to partially block the effects of pure agonists

Question 4

Agonists?

Answer 4

– bind to and stimulate tissue receptors. Most anesthetics and adjuncts are classified as agonists.

Question 5

Antagonists?

Answer 5

– bind to but do not stimulate receptors. These drugs are given after an agonist of the same class to “wake” the patient after anesthesia or sedation. They are called reversal agents because they reverse the effects of the corresponding agonist.

Question 6

partial agonists?

Answer 6

– bind to and partially stimulate receptors.

Question 7

preanesthetic medications?

Answer 7

– drugs given before general anesthesia

Question 8

induction agents?

Answer 8

– drugs used to induce general anesthesia

Question 9

maintenance agents?

Answer 9

– drugs used to maintain general anesthesia

Question 10

Neuroblockers?

Answer 10

– infrequently used in general practice, are used to relax or paralyze skeletal muscles during ophthalmic, orthopedic, or other surgeries.

Question 11

Anticholinergics?

Answer 11

– agents that are used to decrease effects of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) stimulation such as bradycardia and excessive salivation. Also known as parasympatholytics

Question 12

reversal agents?

Answer 12

– lessen or abolish the effects of other anesthetic agents and are therefore used to “wake” the patient after sedation or anesthesia.

Question 13

pharmacokinetics?

Answer 13

– the effect the body has on a drug, including movement of a drug in the body

Question 14

pharmacodynamics?

Answer 14

– the effect that a drug has on the body. Drug action

Question 15

mydriasis?

Answer 15

– dilation of the pupil of the eye. opposite of miosis – constriction of the pupil

Question 16

dead space?

Answer 16

– the breathing passages and the tubes that convey fresh oxygen from the source (the atomosphere or the breathing circuit) to the alveoli, but in which no gas exchange can occur

Question 17

apnea?

Answer 17

– a temporary absence of spontaneous breathing

Question 18

apneustic respiration?

Answer 18

– a breathing pattern, most often seen during dissociative anesthesia, in which there is a pause for several seconds at the end of the inspiratory phase, followed by a short, quick expiratory phase

Question 19

ataxia?

Answer 19

• inability to coordinate movement

Question 20

bagging?

Answer 20

– inflating the patient’s lungs by squeezing the reservoir bag. Manual, positive-pressure ventilation

Question 21

cataleptoid state?

Answer 21

– a state produced by dissociative agents, in which the patient does not respond to external stimuli and has a variable degree of muscle rigidity.

Question 22

colic?

Answer 22

– severe abdominal pain of sudden onset caused by a variety of conditions including obstruction, twisting, or spasm of the intestinal tract

Question 23

cortisol?

Answer 23

– a natural steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, which plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

Question 24

dysphoria?

Answer 24

– anxiety, uneasiness, and restlessness most often produced by opioids; the opposite of euphoria

Question 25

enantiomers?

Answer 25

– a mixture of two molecules that are mirror images on one another (dextrorotatory molecule and levorotatory molecule) dextrorotatory rotates the plane of polarized light to the right and levorotatory rotates it to the left

Question 26

dextrorotatory and levorotatory molecules?

Answer 26

dextrorotatory rotates the plane of polarized light to the right and levorotatory rotates it to the left

Question 27

fasciculations?

Answer 27

– involuntary muscle twitching

Question 28

hypoventilation?

Answer 28

– possible adverse effect on all inhalation agents. Predisposes the animal to CO₂ retention and respiratory acidosis

Question 29

neuroleptanalgesia?

Answer 29

– a state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by the stimulation administration of an opioid and a tranquillizer

Question 30

nystagmus?

Answer 30

– a rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of both eyes

Question 31

somatic analgesia?

Answer 31

– absence of pain of the skin, muscle, bone, and connective tissue

Question 32

status epilepticus?

Answer 32

– continuous seizures, or a series of seizures in rapid succession

Question 33

tachycardia?

Answer 33

– rapid heart rate

Question 34

Tachypnea?

Answer 34

rapid respiratory rate

Question 35

tidal volume - Vᴛ?

Answer 35

- the volume of a normal breath (approx 10 – 15 mL/kg body weight)

Question 36

visceral analgesia?

Answer 36

– absence of pain in the internal organs

Question 37

visceral pain?

Answer 37

pain originating from the internal organs

Question 38

A neuroleptanalgesic is a combination of?

Answer 38

an opioid and a tranquilizer

Question 39

Most preanesthetics will not cross the placental barrier? true or false

Answer 39

false

Question 40

It is recommended that atropine not be given to an animal that has tachycardia? T or F

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine block the release of acetylcholine at the ?

Answer 41

Muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic system

Question 42

High doses of opioids can cause bradycardia and respiratory depression? T or F

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Severe bradycardia caused by dexmedetomidine is best treated with the following drug?

Answer 43

Atipamezole

Question 44

Opioids may be reversed with?

Answer 44

Naloxone

Question 45

Which of the following drugs will precipitate out when mixed with other drugs or solutions?

Answer 45

Diazepam

Question 46

Etomidate is partially well suited for induction of dogs with which of the following problems?

Answer 46

Severe cardiac disease

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of a dissociative anesthetic?

Answer 47

Ketamine hydrochloride

Question 48

One of the disadvantages of the drug methohexital is that animals that are anesthetized with it may demonstrate excitement during recovery? T or F

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Compared with methoxyflurane, isoflurane is considered to have a?

Answer 49

Higher vapor pressure

Question 50

An anesthetic agent that has a low blood-gas partition coefficient will result in ______ induction and recovery time.

Answer 50

Fast

Question 51

Which of the following has the lowest blood-gas partition coefficient?

Answer 51

Sevoflurane

Question 52

As a rough guideline, to safely maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia, the vaporizer should be set at about?

Answer 52

1.5 x MAC

Question 53

Propofol sometimes causes transient apnea. To avoid this, the anesthetist should?

Answer 53

To titrate this drug in several boluses

Question 54

One problem frequently associated with recovery from tiletamine- zolazapam in dogs is?

Answer 54

Excitement

Question 55

The concentration of barbiturate entering the brain is affected by a variety of factors such as?

Answer 55

Perfusion of the brain Lipid solubility of the drug Plasma protein levels Blood pH

Question 56

Effects that are commonly hereinafter administration of a dissociative include?

Answer 56

increased blood pressure increased heart rate increased CSF pressure increased intraocular pressure

Question 57

Adverse effects common with isoflurane include?

Answer 57

Depression of respiration

Question 58

MAC will vary with?

Answer 58

Body temperature of the patient Age of the patient Concurrent use of other drugs Anesthetic agent

Question 59

Factors that may affect the speed of anesthesic induction with a volitile gaseous anesthetic include?

Answer 59

Partition coefficient of the agent | Vaporizer setting

Question 60

Which of the following are alpha2 - agonists?

Answer 60

Xylazine and Dexmedetomidine

Question 61

Effects that Atropine may have on the body include?

Answer 61

Decreased salivation Decreased gastrointestinal mobility Mydriasis

Question 62

Characteristic effects of the benzodiazepines include?

Answer 62

Muscle relaxation | Minimal effect on cardiovascular system

Question 63

Which of the anesthetics are used to anesthetize patients with cardiac diseases?

Answer 63

Isoflurane

Question 64

What is MAC?

Answer 64

Minimum alveolar concentration

Question 65

What is the MAC of an anesthetic agent?

Answer 65

the lowest concentration at which 50% of patients show no response to a painful stimulus

Question 66

Why is it significant to know the MAC of an anesthetic agent?

Answer 66

It is a measure of the potency of a agent and is used to determine the average setting that must be used to produce surgical anesthesia