Chapter 7 Flashcards
Chapter 6 introduced the visual system; this
chapter focuses on the remaining four of the five
______ sensory systems: the auditory (hearing),
somatosensory (touch), olfactory (smell), and gustatory
(taste) systems.
exteroceptive
The _____ sensory cortex of a system is the area of sensory cortex that
receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay
nuclei of that system.
primary
The ______
sensory cortex of a system comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of
the secondary sensory cortex of the same system
secondary
_______ cortex is any area of cortex that receives
input from more than one sensory system. Most input to
areas of _______ cortex comes via areas of secondary
sensory cortex.
Association
Sensory systems are characterized by ______ organization.
hierarchical
_____ is the process of detecting the presence of
stimuli, and _____ is the higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensations.
Sensation
perception
That is, it was assumed that all areas of cortex at any given level of a sensory hierarchy acted together
to perform the same function. However, research has
shown that ______ segregation, rather than functional homogeneity, characterizes the organization of
sensory systems.
functional
Parallel systems feature ____ processing
the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by
the multiple ______ pathways of a neural network.
parallel
____ _____ is the mathematical procedure for breaking down complex
waves into their component sine waves.
Fourier analysis
The ear is illustrated in Figure 7.5. Sound
waves travel from the outer ear down the
auditory canal and cause the ______
membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate.
These vibrations are then transferred to
the three ______ the small bones of the
middle ear:
tympanic
membrane
ossicles
The vibrations of the stapes trigger vibrations of the membrane called the \_\_\_\_\_ window, which in turn transfers the vibrations to the fluid of the snail-shaped \_\_\_\_\_ (kokhlos means land snail ). The cochlea is a long, coiled tube with an internal membrane running almost to its tip.
oval , cochlea
The cochlea is a long, coiled tube with an internal
membrane running almost to its tip. This internal membrane is the auditory receptor organ,the ___ ___ ___
the organ of Corti
The auditory receptors, the ____
cells, are mounted in the _____ membrane, and the
_____ membrane rests on the hair cells
hair basilar tectorial
auditory nerve
a branch of cranial nerve
Thus, in the same way that the
organization of the visual system is primarily
______, the organization of the auditory system is
primarily ______.
retinotopic
tonotopic
Figure 7.5 also shows the semicircular canals the
receptive organs of the ____ system.
vestibular
The
axons of each auditory nerve synapse in
the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei, from which
many projections lead to the ____ _____ on both sides of the brain stem at
the same level.
superior
olives
The axons of the olivary
neurons project via the lateral lemniscus to
the inferior ____, where they synapse
on neurons that project to the medial
_____ nuclei of the thalamus,
colliculi
geniculate
Efforts to characterize the
effects of damage to human auditory cortex have been
complicated by the fact that most human auditory cortex is in the lateral fissure.
Consequently, it is rarely destroyed in
its entirety; and if it is, there is almost always extensive damage to surrounding tissue.
Deafness is one of the most
prevalent human disabilities: An estimated
250 million
people currently suffer from disabling hearing impairments
The simplest
cutaneous receptors are the ____ ____ _____ (neuron
endings with no specialized structures on them), which
are particularly sensitive to temperature change and pain.
free nerve endings
The largest and deepest cutaneous receptors are the
onionlike _____ ______; because they adapt rapidly, they respond to sudden displacements of the skin but
not to constant pressure.
Pacinian corpuscles
The neural fibers that carry information from cutaneous
receptors and other somatosensory receptors gather together in nerves and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal
roots. The area of the body that is innervated by the left
and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord
is called a _______
dermatome.
The dorsal-column _____ ______
system tends to carry information about touch and
proprioception, and the anterolateral system tends to to the sensation of being touched; however, after a few
hundred milliseconds, only the slowly adapting receptors remain active, and the quality of the sensation
changes.
medial-lemniscus
(The identification of objects by
touch is called ________.)
stereognosis
The sensory neurons of this system
enter the spinal cord via a dorsal root, ascend ipsilaterally
in the ____ _____, and synapse in the dorsal column
nuclei of the medulla.
dorsal columns
The axons of dorsal column nuclei
neurons decussate (cross over to the other side of the
brain) and then ascend in the ____ ______ to the
contralateral ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
The ____ ______ nuclei also receive input via the three
branches of the trigeminal nerve, which carry somatosensory information from the contralateral areas of the face
medial lemniscus
ventral posterior
When Penfield mapped the relation between each site
of stimulation and the part of the body in
which the sensation was felt, he discovered
that the human primary ____ ____ (SI) is somatotopic organized according to a map of the body surface. This
somatotopic map is commonly referred to
as the somatosensory ______ (_____ means little man ).
somatosensory
cortex
homunculus
There are two major types of somatosensory agnosia. One
is ______ the inability to recognize objects by touch.
astereognosia
As in the case of Aunt Betty, asomatognosia is often accompanied by ________ the failure of neuropsychological patients to recognize their own symptoms. Indeed,
anosognosia is a common, but curious, symptom of
many neurological disorders.
anosognosia
Asomatognosia is commonly a component of _____ ______ the tendency not to respond to stimuli
that are contralateral to a right-hemisphere injury. You will
learn more about contralateral neglect in Chapter 8.
contralateral neglect
Melzack and Wall (1965) proposed the ____-____ _____ to account for the ability of cognitive and emotional factors to block pain. They theorized that signals
descending from the brain can activate neural gating circuits in the spinal cord to block incoming pain signals.
gate-control
theory
Three discoveries led to the identification of a descending pain-control circuit. First was the discovery that
electrical stimulation of the _____ ____ (PAG)
has analgesic (pain-blocking) effects
periaqueductal gray
And
third was the isolation of several endogenous (internally produced) opiate
analgesics, the ______, which you
learned about in Chapter 4.
endorphins
In the case of _____ pain, just the opposite is true. _____ pain is
severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain
stimulus
Neuropathic
However, in many other species, the
chemical senses also play a significant role in
regulating social interactions (e.g., Zufall &
Leinders-Zufall, 2007). The members of
many species release ______ chemicals that influence the physiology and behavior of conspecifics (others of
the same species).
pheromones
The olfactory receptor cells are located in the upper
part of the nose, embedded in a layer of mucus-covered
tissue called the _____ _____. Their dendrites are located in the nasal passages, and their axons pass through
a porous portion of the skull
(the cribriform plate) and
enter the ____ ____
olfactory mucosa
olfactory bulbs
The olfactory receptor axons terminate in the discrete clusters of neurons near the surface of the ofactory bulbs these clusters are \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Each glomerulus receives input from several thousand olfactory receptor cells, all with the same receptor protein
olfactory glomeruli.
Each olfactory tract projects to several structures of the
medial temporal lobes, including the amygdala and the
____ _____ an area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala. The piriform cortex is considered
to be primary olfactory cortex, but this designation is
somewhat arbitrary
piriform cortex
Two major olfactory pathways leave the amygdalapiriform area. One projects diffusely to the limbic system,
and the other projects via the _____ dorsal nuclei of the
thalamus to the _____ cortex the area of cortex
on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes, next to the
orbits (eye sockets)
medial
orbitofrontal
Taste receptors are found on the tongue and in parts of
the oral cavity; they typically occur in clusters of about
50, called ____ ____. On the tongue, taste buds are often
located around small protuberances called papillae (singular papilla).
taste buds
The inability to smell is called ______
anosmia
the inability to taste is called ____
ageusia
These fibers all terminate in the
_______ nucleus of the medulla, where they synapse on
neurons that project to the ventral posterior nucleus of the
thalamus.
solitary
We consciously perceive only a small subset of the many
stimuli that excite our sensory organs at any one time and
largely ignore the rest (Bays & Husain, 2008; Huang,
Treisman, & Pashler, 2007). The process by which this occurs is ____ ______
selective attention.
Selective attention has tw
One other important characteristic of selective attention
is the ____ _____ phenomenon (see Feng & Ratnam,
2000). The phenomenon is the fact that
even when you are focusing so intently on one conversation
that you are totally unaware of the content of other conversations going on around you, the mention of your
cocktail-party
To study \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, a subject is shown a photographic image on a computer screen and is asked to report any change in the image as soon as it is noticed.
change blindness
He could identify
objects in any part of his visual field if they were presented
individually; thus, he was not suffering from blindness or
other visual field defects. His was a disorder of attention called _________.
Specifically, he suffered from visual ________, a difficulty in attending visually to more
than one object at a time.
simultanagnosia
