Chapter 7 Flashcards
____ ____: any substance added to food, either intentionally or unintentionally.
-Most are ____ added and must be approved by the (____).
food additive
intentionally
FDA
___ ___ – substances that accidentally get into a food product during processing or packaging.
Indirect Additives
_____– deliberate addition of ___ ingredients to a food to make it appear of higher quality.
adulteration
cheap
___ ____ are added accidentally, but are anticipated and addressed by the ___.
Unintentional additives
FDA
Food additives have been used for centuries in order to achieve some purpose in the ___ of ____ ___.
- ___, ___/___, ___, ___.
- ____?
production food products salt herbs/spices sugar vinegar Irradiation
Key Uses of Food Additives:
- Maintaining product consistency
- Improving/maintaining __ ____.
- Foods can either ___ nutrients or ___ them during ____.
- Examples: Fortified ____, milk and juice
product consistency nutritional value lack lose processing cereal
Key uses of food additives:
-Maintaining ___ and ____.
- Foods lose flavor and freshness due to ___ and ___ to ___, ____ and other ____.
- Examples: ____
palatability and wholesomeness aging exposure oxygen bacteria microorganisms preservatives
Key uses of food additives:
Providing ___ or control ___/____.
-____ agents allow baked goods to ___ during baking.
leavening
acidity/alkalinity
leavening
rise
Key use of food additives:
- Enhancing ____ or imparting __ ___.
- ___ and other flavors enhance ___, while ___ ___ improve appearance.
flavor desired color spices taste color additives
Safety of a food additive must never be in ____.
Additive must function in food systems in accordance with its ___ _____ under specific conditions of use.
doubt
intended purpose
The additive must not diminish the ___ ___ or be used to hide ___ ___ characteristics.
Should be detectable by a ____ and ___ method of analysis.
nutritional value
inferior product
specified
defined
Food additives have been classified by the FDA, primarily by ____.
function
Types of Food Additives:
____ ____: inhibit the growth of microorganisms in food products.
Examples: ___ ___, ___ ___, sodium chloride, sodium benzoate
Antimicrobial agents
Sodium nitrate
sorbic acid
Types of Food Additives:
_______: inhibit oxidation of fats or colorants that could cause a product to become rancid.
Examples: ___, ___, ascorbic acid, tocopherols
antioxidants
BHA
BHT
Types of Food Additives:
_____ – can be added to offset color losses during processing or to correct for natural color variations.
Example: ___ ___ ___ __ and __, FD&C Green No. 3, FD&C Yellow No. 5, etc.
colorants
FD&C Blue No’s 1 and 2
Types of Food Additives:
___ ___ – help to retain the pink color in cured meats.
Ex: ___ ___.
Curing Agents
sodium nitrate
Types of food additives:
______ – natural or synthetic additives that are used for flavor production or modification.
Ex: __ ___(artificial banana flavor), ___.
Flavorings
amyl acetate
MSG
Types of food additives:
____ _____ – compounds that provide much greater sweetness intensity per amount when compared to sucrose.
Examples: ___, ___-_, ____
Nonnutritive sweeteners
aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin.
Act– begins as a ___ before ___ and becomes ___ when ___ of US signs it.
bill
congress
law
president
Statue – not strictly ___, but a ____ or __ ___ issued by ____ ___ at all levels
law
rule
administrative code
government agencies
______ - collections of laws and statutes that are codified for ease of administration.
E. g. ___ of ___ ___ (__) codifies rules enacted by Congress.
Codes
Codes of federal regulations (CFR)
____ ____- a publication that details all new Federal laws and regulations.
Federal registration
Proposed rule:
- Written whenever a ___ is needed in an ___ ___.
- __ day comment period.
- The __ ___ reporting of proposed rules has a preamble and the regulatory text.
change
agency’s regulations
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Federal Register
FINALIZED RULE__
This is the __ version of the rule that includes any ___ from the ___ ___ and indicates an ___ date and an ___ date.
final revisions proposed rule effective implementation
Codifying of final rule into the CFR:
- ___ a year; all changes to the rules are updated into the ___.
- The CFR is divided into ___ different ___ (different sections), which are then subdivided into __ ___.
- ____ TITLE ___
- ____ TITLE ___
once CFR 50 titles chapters sections FDA 21 USDA 7
1958 – FDA publishes first list of ___ (____ ____ as ____) substances
GRAS(Generally Recognized As Safe)
1995 – Seafood ___ (___ ___ ___ __ ___)
HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points)
Early Events and Legislation:
The first significant legislation was the ___ ___of ___.
-Prohibited the ___ ___ in misbranded or adulterated food, beverage, or drugs.
-The ___ ___ Act was passed at about the same time.
Drug Act 1906
interstate commerce
Meat Inspection
The 1938 FFDCA and Amendments:
The ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___: the basis of modern food law.
- Gave the ___ authority.
- Included considerations for standards of ___, __ __, ____ ___ ___, etc.
- Requiring new ___ to be shown ___ before marketing.
- Provide safe tolerances be set for ___ ___ substances.
- Authorizing ___ inspections.
- Caused by ____ of ___ which contained solvent diethylene glycol.
Federal food, drug and cosmetic act FDA identity, minimum quality, container fill drugs safe unavoidable poisonous factory Elixer of sulfanilamide
___ ___ ____ OF 1958
-Required ___ ___ of food additives prior to inclusion into foods.
-___ groups of substances were exempted:
1. ___ ____ substances – those approved by USDA/FDA before 1958 amendment.
Ex: ___ used to preserve luncheon meats
- ___ substances - generally recognized as safe.
Ex: __, ___, ___.
food additives amendment FDA approval two Prior sanctioned nitrates GRAS salt, sugar, spices
The ___ ____ Amendments – required the demonstration of safety for all dyes used in food regardless of prior history of use.
Color additives
The ___ ____ – prohibited the approval of any food additive that was found to cause cancer. Led to the cancellation of ___ additives:
Delaney Clause
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