Chapter 3 Flashcards
Nutrition is the study of ____ and their contribution to ___ and ____.
___ ____- must be obtained from food.
foods
health and disease
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients categories:
Macronutrients - ____, ____, ____ and ____.
Micronutrients – ____ and ____.
protein, carbohydrate, lipid, water
vitamins and minerals
Functions of nutrients are to:
Form ___ ____ (e.g. bone, muscle)
Serve as _____ (e.g. enzymes, hormones)
Provide ___
body structures
regulators
energy
Malnutrition implies an ____ .
imbalance
Ricketts is caused be deficiency of _____.
vitamin D
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans first published in ____ (by USDA and DHH) and revised every ____ years.
1980
ten
MyPlate (by ____) is a tool to illustrate the ___ ___.
USDA
Dietary Guidelines
USDA Recommends: \_\_\_\_ oz grain \_\_\_\_cup veggies \_\_\_ cup fruit \_\_\_ cup dairy (milk) \_\_\_\_ oz of meat/beans
6 oz 2.5 cup 2 cup 3 cup 5.5 oz
Digestion is accomplished for the most part by ___ _____ , which are responsible for the breakdown (_____) of the major ___ ____.
_____ - starch
______ - protein
____ - lipids
digestive enzymes hydrolysis food components Amylase peptidase lipase
Digestion:
_______ is the degree to which a nutrient is digested and absorbed.
-Can be influenced by a large number of _____.
Bioavailability
factors
Absorption - _____ of ____ from the ____ ____ to the ___ ____ facilitated by the ____ ____ of the ____ and occurs by: ___ ____, ___ ___ and ____ ____.
passage, nutrients digestive tract blood stream mucosal cells intestine simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport
Simple diffusion: small ___/_____cross freely into ____ cells. Doesn’t require _____.
lipids/water
mucosal
energy
Facilitated Diffusion:
A ____ is used to transport ____-____ vitamins to transport them to ____ cells.
carrier
water-soluble
mucosal
Active transport: Causes \_\_\_\_\_ (glucose, amino acids) to be absorbed into mucosal cells with cost of \_\_\_ \_\_\_.
nutrients
energy input
Transport:
The ____ of nutrients from the ____ ___ to the rest of the____ through the ____ or _____ system which facilitates _____ processes.
movement mucosal cell body blood or circulatory metabolic
Transport:
____ _____ is important.
-____ molecules can move directly into the ____, but ____ molecules , such as ____ have to be packaged into ____ _____ and ____ differently.
Molecular size Small blood large lipids carrier molecules routed
Between meals, the body attains _____ – a state of ___ and ____ equilibrium.
homeostasis
chemical and metabolic
Labels are required and regulated by the ____ (21 ____ 101).
-____ and _____ label.
FDA
CFR
Nutrition and ingredients
The format of the label is mandated by the ____.
FDA
Specific nutrients have to be listed in terms their ___ of ___ ____ from ___ serving.
% of daily value
one
CFR- ____ of ____ ___
FDA- ____ and ___ ____
code of federal regulations
food and drug administration
Daily value is related to the ____ amount of ____ _____ or recommended ____ of ____ that could have adverse effects at higher levels
-____, ____, ___ ___, and ____.
recommended
essential nutrients
maximum of nutrients
Sodium, fat, saturated fat and cholesterol
Must provide the following information:
-____ ____, place of _____, ___ ____, ____ ____, ____ name & address, product ____, product ____, _____ _____, ____ handling instructions, special _____ ____.
Product name business net weight ingredient content company code dating religious symbols, safe, warning instructions.
Only approved ____ ____ may be placed on the label.
nutritional claims
A listing of ingredients from ____ to ___ in terms of _____ to the ____ of the ____ is also required.
highest lowest contribution weight product
Low <___g fat or less than ___ cal.
Light: ____ fewer cal and ___g Fat
3 grams, 40 cal
1/3 fewer
1/2
____ is the major component in the body.About ___%.
___ ____ contains more water than fat tissue.
water
60%
Lean muscle
____ is the most essential nutrient - the body is composed of more than ___% water.
Water
60%
Every cell has water in (_____ ) and around it (_____).
intracellular
extracellular
Water has ____ major functions:
-Regulates ____ ___
-_____ eyes, spinal cord, GI tract, joints
-As a medium for ___ ____
-____ in metabolic reactions (e.g. hydrolysis)
As a ____ for nutrient transport
five body temp Lubricates metabolic reactions Participates carrier
Metabolic Water:
Is produced by the ______ of _____ in the body.
metabolism
molecules
Electrolytes and Dehydration:
____ are charged minerals that exist in the ___ and____ cellular fluid that regulate ____ ____.
Electrolytes
intra and extra
water content
Proper balance of intra and extra cellular electrolytes is critical to the ____ of ____.
hydration of cells
Dehydration results in a movement of _____ and ____ from _____ to _____ space.
Intra- ______
Extra- _____
electrolytes water intracellular extracellular Potassium sodium
Carbs:
____ _____ are important to the understanding of their functional & nutritional features.
Structural aspects
Carbohydrate contain _____ , _____ and ____ molecules in the approximate ratio Cn(H2O)n.
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
Simple sugars include:
_______:
-____, _____ and _____.
Monosaccharides
Glucose , fructose , galactose
Disaccharides:
Sucrose or table sugar (_____ + ____ )
Lactose or milk sugar (_____ + _____ )
Maltose (_____ + ____ )
glucose+fructose
glucose+ galactose
glucose+ glucose
Simple sugars primarily provide ____ .
energy
