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Micro Exam II > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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0
Q

Central dogma

A

Information is encoded in DNA

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1
Q

What did griffiths transformation principle test?

A

Wether protein or nucleic acid contained the genome

Mouse experiment

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2
Q

DNA encodes for what two types of genes?

A

Structural genes- sequence of nucleotides that can be decided to produce a functional RNA molecule
DNA control region-sequence of nucleotides that regulates expression of adjacent structural gene

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3
Q

Structural genes

A

Sequence of nucleotides that can be decoded to produce a functional RNA molecule

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4
Q

DNA control regions

A

Sequence of nucleotides that regulate expression of an adjacent structural gene

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5
Q

Define conjugation

A

Horizontal gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact, genes can be transferred sequentially over a period of time

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6
Q

Bacterial chromosome shape

A

Circular

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7
Q

How do euks have more non coding DNA than proks

A

Enhancers-sequences needed for transcription of promoters

Promoters-sequences preceding a gene that activated the genes expression

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8
Q

Enhancer

A

Sequence of nucleotide needed for transcribing a promoter

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9
Q

Promoter

A

Sequence proceeding a gene that activates the genes expression

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10
Q

Monocistronic

A

RNA produced from an independent gene encodes for one protein
(One gene, one RNA)

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11
Q

Define operon

A

Genes next to one another that are all involved in the same metabolic process and controlled by the same regulatory sequence

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12
Q

Define regulon

A

Collection of genes and operons in different areas of the chromosome that are involved in the same metabolic process and are regulated by the same regulatory proteins

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13
Q

What makes up DNA?

A

A nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group

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14
Q

What bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cystine and thymine (if it has a y, it’s a pyrimidine)

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15
Q

How are individual nucleotides linked?

A

Covalent bonds

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16
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A’s and t’s?

A

2

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17
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between Cs and Gs?

A

3

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18
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  1. Contained virus
  2. Contained uracil
  3. Usually single-stranded
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19
Q

How are bacterial DNA loops anchored?

A

Histone like proteins

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20
Q

Nucleoid

A

Series of DNA loops and domains in bacterial genome

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21
Q

Is the DNA of most organisms negatively supercoiled or positively supercoiled? Why?

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A

Negatively

It’s easier to separate

22
Q

Topoisomerases

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A

Enzymes that change DNA supercoiling

23
Q

Positive super coiling vs negative supercoiling

Study These Flashcards
A

Positive- overwound

Negative- underwound

24
Type I topoisomerases
Usually single proteins | Cleave one strand of DNA and are used to unwind supercoils
25
Type II topoisomerases
``` Multiple subunits Cleave both strands of DNA Used to introduce supercoils Targeted by quinolones Ex DNA gyrase ```
26
Stages of DNA replication
Initiation Elongation Termination
27
Initiation (DNA)
Melting of the double helix, loading of DNA polymerase complex
28
Elongation (DNA)
Addition of deoxyribonucleltides and proof reading
29
Termination (DNA )
DNA is completely duplicated, super coils are stored, DNA is methylated (if not methylated, it's destroyed)
30
What activates and deactivates initiation? (DNA)
DNAA activates, SeqA deactivates
31
SeqA protein functions
Binds to hemimethylated (newly replicated) origins and prevents another initiation too soon after replication
32
DnaB
Helicase
33
DNA primase
Synthesis of RNA primer
34
DNA pol III
Major replication enzyme
35
DNA pol I
Replaces DNA primer with DNA
36
DNA gyrase
Relieves DNA supercoiling
37
What is DNA-ATPs role in DNA replication?
When DNA A accumulates, DNA-ATP binds upstream of origin and causes DNA to loop in prep for being melted
38
DNA pol III's main jobs are...?
It's the main replication polymerase, proofreads, and has 5' to 3' exonuclease that removes improperly paired base
39
Replisome is made of?
DNA pol III, DNA primate, and helicase
40
Replisome does what?
Ensures leading and lagging strands are synthesized simultaneously in the proper direction Fixed miscellaneous location are attached to cell membrane
41
What removed RNA primers?
Rnase
42
What fills in gaps in DNA?
DNA pol I
43
What seals phosphide ester nicks?
DNA ligase
44
TUS
Terminus utilization substance binds tj terminator sequence and acts as counter helicase
45
Low copy vs high copy plasmids
Low copy- plasmids segregate equally between daughter cells when cell divides High copy- plasmids randomly segregate
46
How are plasmids transferred between cells?
Conjugation- transfer via cell to cell contact (via pilli) | Transformation- plasmids released from dead cells can sometimes be taken up by live cells
47
Euk chromosome
Bigger than bacterial Linear, need reverse transcriptase called telomerase that rebuilds telomeres Pack DNA using histones Has introns and exons
48
Archael similarities to bacteria
Operons, asexual reproduction, no nuclear membrane, single circular chromosome
49
Archael similarities to euks
DNA packing proteins,RNA polymerase | Ribosomal components more closely resemble euks, DNA polymerase
50
Restriction endonucleoases
Cleave DNA at specific points, usually 4-6 bp palindromes
51
What is the Sanger dideoxy strategy of DNA sequencing?
Incorporation of a 2' 3' dideoxynucleotide | It prevents the growing chain felt elongation. The ending nucleotide is then selected for and read
52
Meta genomics
Using modern genomic techniques to study microbial communities directly in nature
53
Whole genome sequencing
Shotgun cloning approach | Genome is broken up and sequenced

Micro Exam II (7 decks)

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