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Micro Exam II > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

Central dogma

A

Information is encoded in DNA

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1
Q

What did griffiths transformation principle test?

A

Wether protein or nucleic acid contained the genome

Mouse experiment

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2
Q

DNA encodes for what two types of genes?

A

Structural genes- sequence of nucleotides that can be decided to produce a functional RNA molecule
DNA control region-sequence of nucleotides that regulates expression of adjacent structural gene

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3
Q

Structural genes

A

Sequence of nucleotides that can be decoded to produce a functional RNA molecule

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4
Q

DNA control regions

A

Sequence of nucleotides that regulate expression of an adjacent structural gene

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5
Q

Define conjugation

A

Horizontal gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact, genes can be transferred sequentially over a period of time

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6
Q

Bacterial chromosome shape

A

Circular

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7
Q

How do euks have more non coding DNA than proks

A

Enhancers-sequences needed for transcription of promoters

Promoters-sequences preceding a gene that activated the genes expression

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8
Q

Enhancer

A

Sequence of nucleotide needed for transcribing a promoter

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9
Q

Promoter

A

Sequence proceeding a gene that activates the genes expression

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10
Q

Monocistronic

A

RNA produced from an independent gene encodes for one protein
(One gene, one RNA)

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11
Q

Define operon

A

Genes next to one another that are all involved in the same metabolic process and controlled by the same regulatory sequence

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12
Q

Define regulon

A

Collection of genes and operons in different areas of the chromosome that are involved in the same metabolic process and are regulated by the same regulatory proteins

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13
Q

What makes up DNA?

A

A nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group

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14
Q

What bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cystine and thymine (if it has a y, it’s a pyrimidine)

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15
Q

How are individual nucleotides linked?

A

Covalent bonds

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16
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A’s and t’s?

A

2

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17
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between Cs and Gs?

A

3

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18
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  1. Contained virus
  2. Contained uracil
  3. Usually single-stranded
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19
Q

How are bacterial DNA loops anchored?

A

Histone like proteins

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20
Q

Nucleoid

A

Series of DNA loops and domains in bacterial genome

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21
Q

Is the DNA of most organisms negatively supercoiled or positively supercoiled? Why?

A

Negatively

It’s easier to separate

22
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Enzymes that change DNA supercoiling

23
Q

Positive super coiling vs negative supercoiling

A

Positive- overwound

Negative- underwound

24
Q

Type I topoisomerases

A

Usually single proteins

Cleave one strand of DNA and are used to unwind supercoils

25
Q

Type II topoisomerases

A 
Multiple subunits
Cleave both strands of DNA
Used to introduce supercoils
Targeted by quinolones
Ex DNA gyrase
26
Q

Stages of DNA replication

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

27
Q

Initiation (DNA)

A

Melting of the double helix, loading of DNA polymerase complex

28
Q

Elongation (DNA)

A

Addition of deoxyribonucleltides and proof reading

29
Q

Termination (DNA )

A

DNA is completely duplicated, super coils are stored, DNA is methylated (if not methylated, it’s destroyed)

30
Q

What activates and deactivates initiation? (DNA)

A

DNAA activates, SeqA deactivates

31
Q

SeqA protein functions

A

Binds to hemimethylated (newly replicated) origins and prevents another initiation too soon after replication

32
Q

DnaB

A

Helicase

33
Q

DNA primase

A

Synthesis of RNA primer

34
Q

DNA pol III

A

Major replication enzyme

35
Q

DNA pol I

A

Replaces DNA primer with DNA

36
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Relieves DNA supercoiling

37
Q

What is DNA-ATPs role in DNA replication?

A

When DNA A accumulates, DNA-ATP binds upstream of origin and causes DNA to loop in prep for being melted

38
Q

DNA pol III’s main jobs are…?

A

It’s the main replication polymerase, proofreads, and has 5’ to 3’ exonuclease that removes improperly paired base

39
Q

Replisome is made of?

A

DNA pol III, DNA primate, and helicase

40
Q

Replisome does what?

A

Ensures leading and lagging strands are synthesized simultaneously in the proper direction
Fixed miscellaneous location are attached to cell membrane

41
Q

What removed RNA primers?

A

Rnase

42
Q

What fills in gaps in DNA?

A

DNA pol I

43
Q

What seals phosphide ester nicks?

A

DNA ligase

44
Q

TUS

A

Terminus utilization substance binds tj terminator sequence and acts as counter helicase

45
Q

Low copy vs high copy plasmids

A

Low copy- plasmids segregate equally between daughter cells when cell divides
High copy- plasmids randomly segregate

46
Q

How are plasmids transferred between cells?

A

Conjugation- transfer via cell to cell contact (via pilli)

Transformation- plasmids released from dead cells can sometimes be taken up by live cells

47
Q

Euk chromosome

A

Bigger than bacterial
Linear, need reverse transcriptase called telomerase that rebuilds telomeres
Pack DNA using histones
Has introns and exons

48
Q

Archael similarities to bacteria

A

Operons, asexual reproduction, no nuclear membrane, single circular chromosome

49
Q

Archael similarities to euks

A

DNA packing proteins,RNA polymerase

Ribosomal components more closely resemble euks, DNA polymerase

50
Q

Restriction endonucleoases

A

Cleave DNA at specific points, usually 4-6 bp palindromes

51
Q

What is the Sanger dideoxy strategy of DNA sequencing?

A

Incorporation of a 2’ 3’ dideoxynucleotide

It prevents the growing chain felt elongation. The ending nucleotide is then selected for and read

52
Q

Meta genomics

A

Using modern genomic techniques to study microbial communities directly in nature

53
Q

Whole genome sequencing

A

Shotgun cloning approach

Genome is broken up and sequenced

Micro Exam II (7 decks)

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