Chapter 7-2

Question 1

Implicit memory

Answer 1

Indirect memory tests
Look at how a second encounter yields different responses than the first encounter
Priming indicates implicit memory of first encounter

Question 2

memory without awareness- repetition priming

Answer 2

lexical decision tasks
Word-stem completion tasks

Question 3

Lexical decision tasks

Answer 3

decisions are faster if words have been previously seen

Question 4

Word-stem completion tasks

Answer 4

more likely to complete words as recently encountered ones

Question 5

LDT study

Answer 5

Participants asked to “spellcheck” list of words
Later given Lexical-Decision Task
Responses to words in initial list of words is faster
Frequent words are also recognized quicker!
Suggests priming

Question 6

Word-stem completin

Answer 6

Generate words to complete:
CLA___
If participants have encountered one of these words recently, they are more likely to provide it as a response in this task, even if they do not consciously remember seeing that word before

Question 7

Implicit memory

Answer 7

Direct memory testing, such as recall or recognition
Conscious

Question 8

Explicit memory

Answer 8

Indirect memory testing, such as a priming task
Unconscious
Let’s talk about how implicit memory feels

Question 9

Implicit memory

Answer 9

Indirect memory testing, such as a priming task
Unconscious
Let’s talk about how implicit memory feels

Question 10

Jacoby study

Answer 10

slide 40

Question 11

Implicit memory and the illusion of thruth

illusion of thruth

Answer 11

Illusion of truth—effect of implicit memory in which claims that are familiar (e.g., from being heard before) end up seeming more plausible
Occurs despite warnings in advance

Question 12

Begg, Anas et al.

Answer 12

Participants had to rate how interesting statements were
“Henry Ford forgot to put a reverse gear in his first car”
After hearing these sentences, participants were presented with more sentences and they had to rate credibility
Some “Truth Test” sentences were repeats
Sentences heard before -> more credibility

see slide 43

Question 13

Implicit memory and troubling implications

Source of confusion:

Answer 13

Eyewitnesses may select someone from a photo lineup based on familiarity rather than recollection
In Brown, Deffenbacher, & Sturgill (1977), participants falsely believed they saw a person commit a crime when, in truth, they had actually only seen that person in a previous photograph
Likelihood of error: 29%

Question 14

Memory without awareness

Answer 14

People are often better at remembering that something is familiar than remembering why it is familiar
Familiarity without episodic memory
May also be influenced by memories of which they are not aware

Question 15

Processing Pathway

Answer 15

the sequence of detectors and connections between them that leads to recognizing or remembering a specific stimulus
Repeated use of this pathway strengthens it
Recently encountered items are easier to recognize a second time

Question 16

Implicit memory involves processing fluency—

Answer 16

an improvement in the speed or ease of processing
People are sensitive to degree of processing fluency (“this rings a bell”)

Question 17

the nature and familiarity

Answer 17

slide 48, 49

Question 18

Amnesia

Answer 18

The distinction between explicit and implicit memory is also supported by evidence from cases of brain damage
Amnesia is a disruption of memory due to brain damage

Question 19

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

loss of memory from before the disruption

Question 20

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 20

inability to form new long-term memories

Question 21

Clive Wearing Amnesia

Answer 21

slide 53

Question 22

H.M.

Answer 22

Severe epilepsy
severe anterograde amnesia: unable to form new long-term memories

Question 23

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 23

deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) because of alcoholism
Severe anterograde amnesia.

Question 24

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 24

No loss for exixting memories
Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding brain regions
Difficulty forming new long-term memories

Question 25

Amnesia

Answer 25

Amnesia support the distinction between explicit and implicit memory
Anterograde amnesia affects explicit memory, while implicit memory is preserved

Question 26

Amnesia

Answer 26

In 1911 Swiss neurologist Édouard Claparède performed an informal experiment with a Korsakoff-syndrome patient
Hid a pin in his hand, which pricked the patient
Later, the patient could not explicitly remember him but refused to shake his hand, saying, “Sometimes pins are hidden in people’s hands”

Question 27

Amnesia

Answer 27

Amnesic patients demonstrate preserved implicit memories without explicit memory….
Knowing the answer to a trivia question the second time around
Preferring a musical melody that they had been exposed to before

Question 28

Optimal Learning

Answer 28

The data from amnesia echo an earlier point about the relationship between learning and memory retrieval

The nature of a disruption in the acquisition of new memories depends on how the memories will be used or retrieved later on

Question 29

Interconnections recap

Answer 29

What you are learning can be useful for memorizing material
At one level, you may want to learn the material in a manner that prepares you for the form of retrieval that is required for your exams
To make memory even stronger, the best strategy is to employ multiple perspectives, creating multiple retrieval paths for the material you want to learn