Chapter 6 Memory Acquisition

Question 1

Clive Wearing

Answer 1

He got amnesia from a viral infection and he’s unable to form new memories but can remember skill sets (e.g., how to play music) and remembers his wife

Question 2

Memory has three stages

Answer 2

Acquisition, storage, retrieval

Question 3

Aquisition

Answer 3

the processing of information so that it can be stored. Brain transforms external information into a neural code.

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The retention of encoded information over time. warehouse of information.

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed. Searching through warehouse/retrieving.

Question 6

The acquisition, storage, and retrieval view was problematic for at least two reasons

Answer 6

1-) New learning is grounded in previously learned (stored knowledge) –Acquisition and storage are interconnected.
2-) Effective learning depends on how the information will later be retrieved– Acquisition and retrieval are interconnected.

Question 7

Modal Model is a good start, but..

Answer 7

Sensory memory (iconic or echoic): sensory memory plays a minimal role in modern theorizing

Question 8

Modal Model is a good start, but.

Answer 8

Short-term memory (STM): LArgely replaced by working memory, understood as a status or activity, rather than a place.

Question 9

Modal Model is a good start, but.

Answer 9

Long-term memory (LTm)–FAr more expansive than anticipated: Includes events, but also general knowledge “Water is wet,” exam info

Question 10

Modal Model is a good start, but.

Answer 10

WM-dynamic form of short-term storage: less like storage more like status

Question 11

Updating the Modal Model.

Answer 11

See slides 17

Question 12

Sperling (1960) studies

Answer 12

Participants can remember the entire display (iconic memory) for brief time.
The limitation of “report all” condition is that iconic memory fades before participants can report it all

Question 13

Analogies of Memory

Answer 13

WM is like a white-erase board: temporary, limited in size, and used for short-term goals.
LTM is like a library. Info available for a long time, huge, almost limitless capacity, and used for long-term goals

Question 14

WM and LTM

Answer 14

Experiment supporting the modal model: participants study a long series of words (e.g., 30 words, 1 word presented per second), free recall memory test

Question 15

WM and LTM: One Memory or Two?

Answer 15

Primary effect and recency effect

Question 16

Primary effect

Answer 16

Better memory for first few items relative to middle items.

Question 17

Recency Effect

Answer 17

Better memory for the last few items
Last few items are not displayed by future items
Earlier items are displayed by subsequent items

Question 18

Primary Effect

Answer 18

Memory rehearsal: As the list progresses, attention is divided across more items, and less is devoted to each individual item.
Words later in the list are rehearsed less.
Rehearsal increases the chance of a transfer of items from WM to LTM– earlier items were rehearsed more, so there is a greater chance of transfer.

Question 19

Testing Claims about Primacy (“LTM”) and Recency (“WM”)

Answer 19

The manipulation of WM should affect the recall of recency items but not items presented earlier in the list

Question 20

Testing Claims about Primacy (“LTM”) and Recency (“WM”)

Answer 20

Delaying recall with a different task (counting backward) displaces content in WM

Question 21

Testing Claims about Primacy (“LTM”) and Recency (“WM”)

Answer 21

Early items should not be affected because LTM does not depend on the current activity.

Question 22

Testing Claims about Primacy and Recency

Answer 22

Immediate recall or unfilled delay– recency effect is strong
Filled delay– recency effect is eliminated