Chapter 6-2

Question 1

Manipulating LTM

Answer 1

Slower rate— improves pre-recency, no effect on recency. More time spent on all list items increases the likelihood of transfer.

Question 2

Brain Region Supporting Working Memory and Long-Term Memory

Answer 2

Retrieval from long-term memory specifically activates the hippocampus.

Question 3

Brain Region Supporting Working Memory and Long-Term Memory

Answer 3

Retrieval from working memory specifically activates the perirhinal cortex.

Question 4

The function of Working Memory

Answer 4

Virtually all mental capacities require WM
WM is used whenever multiple elements o ideas are combined or compared in mind.
Individuals can differ in WM.

Question 5

Digit Span

Answer 5

Participants hear a series of digits and must immediately repeat them back. The list increases until memory fails. # of digits the person can repeat without errors is that person’s digit span.
Average WM capacity is estimated at 7 plus or minus 2 items
But what is an item?

Question 6

Chunking

Answer 6

The ability to condense information
Example: HOPTRASLU (nine items) HOP TRA SLU (3 chunks)
Requires effort but reduces WM load
Does not increase WM capacity

Question 7

Reading Span (RSPAN)

Answer 7

Digit-span addresses only WM
Capacity/”slots”, not its active nature

Question 8

Reading Span (RSPAN)

Answer 8

Ospan measures capacity when WM is “working”
several methods of measuring OSPAN, depending on the “operation” being used (eg., reading span).

Question 9

Implications of OSPAN
Working memory capacity correlates strongly with:

Answer 9

Standardized academic tests
Reasoning tests
Reading comprehension tests
These correlations are not evident with static span measures (e.g., digit span)

Question 10

Where is WM

Answer 10

Modern theorists argue that WM is not a place at all
It is a name we give to a certain set of mental activities

Question 11

WM is divided into multiple components:

Answer 11

Executive
visuospatial buffer
Articulatory rehearsal loop:
subvocalization
phonological buffer

Question 12

Central Executive

Answer 12

Coordinates and make strategies

Question 13

Visuospatial Buffer

Answer 13

Stores spatial info

Question 14

Articulatory rehearsal loop

Answer 14

subvocalization (silent speech) to launch rehearsal loop

Question 15

Phonological buffer

Answer 15

passively stores the sound representations (internal echo)
A fourth component-episodic buffer- has been proposed– integrates all systems

Question 16

The Rehearsal Loop

Answer 16

Concurrent articulation tasks support the model of the articulatory rehearsal loop
repeating syllables (e.g., tah-tah-tah) while completing a verbal span test reduces WM capacity
simultaneous visual stimuli eliminate “sound alike” errors (e.g., misremembering “F” as “S”)

Question 17

Entering Long-Term Storage
2 types of rehearsal

Answer 17

Maintenance rehearsal and relational or elaborative rehearsal

Question 18

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 18

reciting, thinking in repetitive way

Question 19

Relational or elaborative rehearsal

Answer 19

linking, relating

Question 20

What gets stored in LTM?

Answer 20

Memories are strengthened through rehearsal
is mere exposure good enough?
Not really; listening to lecture 1o times isn’t that great either
If not exposure, then what does get encoded?
Things you attend to, process deeply, that are personally important or interesting