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Therapeutic Exercise I > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

General term to describe ability to perform physical work.

A

fitness (requires cardiorespiratory functioning, muscular strength and endurance, and musculoskeletal flexibility)

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2
Q

Measure of the body’s capacity to use oxygen.

A

VO2 max (mL/kg/min)

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3
Q

Endurance

A

ability to work for prolonged periods of time and the ability to resist fatigue (muscular and cardiorespiratory)

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4
Q

Aerobic exercise adaptations

A
  • increased levels of oxidative enzymes in the muscles
  • increased mitochondrial density and size
  • increased muscle fiber capillary supply
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5
Q

mVO2

A

myocardial oxygen consumption - a measure of O2 consumed by heart muscle, supply of O2 to heart is dependent on coronary blood flow

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6
Q

Measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended to erase the body’s “oxygen deficit.”

A

EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)

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7
Q

Deconditioning

A
  • Occurs with prolonged bed rest
  • Frequently seen in those with extended, acute illness or long term chronic condition
  • Disease process will affect conditioning
  • Prior level of training will influence conditioning
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8
Q

Phosphagen (ATP-PC System)

A
  • phosphocreatine (fuel source) and ATP stored in muscle cell
  • no O2 required
  • max capacity is small but max power is large
  • short, quick bursts of energy
  • 15-30 sec
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9
Q

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

A
  • glycogen (glucose) is fuel source
  • no O2 required
  • lactic acid byproduct
  • max capacity and power is intermediate
  • 30-90 sec of exercise
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10
Q

Aerobic System

A
  • glycogen, fats, and protein for fuel
  • O2 required
  • max capacity is large but power is small
  • predominates after 2 min
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11
Q

Deconditioning effects seen with prolonged bed rest:

A

Decreases in:

  • muscle mass
  • strength
  • cardiovascular function
  • total blood volume
  • plasma volume
  • heart volume
  • orthostatic tolerance
  • exercise tolerance
  • bone mineral density
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12
Q

1 MET =

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

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13
Q

During exercise, there is a/an ________ in vagal stimuli as well as an increase in ____ stimulation.

A

decrease, SNS

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14
Q

Cardiovascular response to exercise:

A

SNS response:

  • peripheral vasoconstriction in nonexercising muscles
  • increased myocardial contractility (force)
  • increased heart rate (SA depolarization increase)
  • increased systolic blood pressure
  • increase and redistribution in cardiac output
  • decrease in vagal stimuli
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15
Q

Respiratory response to exercise occurs before exercise begins. (T/F)

A

True

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16
Q

To supply the additional oxygen needed and excrete the excess CO2 produced, ________ ventilation increases 10-20-fold during heavy exercise.

A

alveolar

17
Q

Which factors result in increased oxygen extraction from the blood (increased dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin)?

A
  • decrease in local tissue PO2 because of use of more oxygen by working muscle
  • production of more CO2 causes the tissue to become acidotic and the temperature increases
  • increase of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) produced by glycolysis during exercise
18
Q

Factors determining oxygen consumption:

A
  • vascularity of the muscles
  • fiber distribution
  • number of mitochondria
  • oxidative mitochondrial enzymes present in the fibers
19
Q

Termination of stress testing:

A
  • progressive angina
  • significant drop in systolic pressure
  • lightheadedness, confusion, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or peripheral circulatory insufficiency
  • abnormal ECG response including ST segment depression greater than 4 mm
  • excessive rise in blood pressure
  • subject wishes to stop
20
Q

The most popular treadmill protocol for stress testing.

A

Bruce protocol

21
Q

A conditioning response typically occurs at ___ to ___% maximum heart rate depending on the individual and the initial level of fitness.

A

60-90% (70% is minimum in healthy, young individuals)

22
Q

When using the Karvonen formula, the exercise heart rate is ______ than when using the maximum heart rate alone.

A

higher

23
Q

Which elicits greater improvement in VO2max: high-intensity, short duration or moderate intensity/longer duration?

A

high-intensity, short duration

24
Q

Physiological responses to warm-up:

A
  • increase in muscle temperature
  • increased need for oxygen
  • dilatation of capillaries with increases in the circulation
  • adaptation in sensitivity of the neural respiratory center to various exercise stimulants
  • increase in venous return
25
Q

Guidelines for the warm-up:

A
  • 10 minutes of total body movement exercises, such as calisthenics or walking
  • attaining a HR that is within 20 beats/min of the target HR
26
Q

Continuous Training

A
  • submaximum energy requirement
  • aerobic metabolism
  • slow-twitch muscle fibers
  • 20-60 minutes without exhausting the oxygen transport system
  • overload through progressing duration
  • most effective way to improve endurance
27
Q

Interval Training

A
  • improve strength and power over endurance
  • passive or active recovery
  • total amount of work that can be completed is greater
28
Q

Circuit Training

A
  • several exercise modes and mix of static or dynamic effort

- can improve strength and endurance

29
Q

Circuit-Interval Training

A
  • aerobic and anaerobic systems

- delay in need for glycolysis and production of lactic acid

30
Q

Cool-down period benefits:

A
  • prevent pooling of blood in the extremities by maintaining venous return
  • prevent fainting by increasing the return of blood to the heart and brain as CO and VR decreases
  • enhance recovery period with oxidation of metabolic waste and replacement of energy stores
  • prevent myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, or other cardiovascular complications
31
Q

Physiological changes that occur with aerobic exercise (at rest):

A
  • decreased heart rate
  • decreased sympathetic tone (increased vagal tone)
  • decreased blood pressure
  • decrease in peripheral vascular resistance
  • increase in blood volume and hemoglobin
  • larger lung volume
  • larger diffusion capacity in lung
  • muscle hypertrophy
  • increased capillary density
  • increased number and size of mitochondria
32
Q

Physiological changes that occur with aerobic exercise (during exercise):

A
  • reduced heart rate
  • increased stroke volume (increased contractility and blood volume)
  • increase cardiac output
  • increased extraction of oxygen by working muscles
  • decreased blood flow of working muscle (muscles are more efficient at pulling out O2)
  • decreased myocardial oxygen consumption
  • larger diffusion capacity in lung
  • increased maximal minute ventilation
  • ventilatory efficiency increased
  • decreased rate of depletion of muscle glycogen
  • lower blood lactate levels at submaximal work
  • less reliance on PC and ATP
33
Q

Overall changes occurring in response to aerobic exercise:

A
  • decrease in body fat
  • decrease in blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  • increased heat acclimatization
  • increase in the breaking strength of bones and ligaments and the tensile strength of tendons
34
Q

Inpatient Phase (Phase I) Cardiac Rehab

A
  • 3 to 5 days
  • initiate risk factor education
  • initiate self-care activities, progress sit to stand
  • provide an orthostatic challenge to the cardiovascular system, i.e. ambulation
  • prepare patient and family for continued rehab
35
Q

Outpatient Phase (Phase II) Cardiac Rehab

A
  • 6-8 weeks
  • heart rate and rhythm monitored
  • increase exercise capacity in a safe, progressive manner
  • enhance cardiac function
  • produce favorable metabolic changes
  • determine the effect of medications on increasing level of activity
  • relieve anxiety and depression
  • progress to an independent exercise program
36
Q

Outpatient Program (Phase III)

A
  • purpose is to continue to improve or maintain fitness levels from Phase II
  • heart rate and rhythm no longer monitored but patient monitors own pulse rate
  • swimming, hiking, etc.
37
Q

Resting heart rate is influenced by age. (T/F)

A

False

38
Q

Cardiac output is related to size. (T/F)

A

True

Therapeutic Exercise I (5 decks)

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