Chapter 1 and 2, ACSM Position Stand

Question 1

Main purposes of therapeutic exercise:

Answer 1

• remediate or prevent impairments
• improve, restore, or enhance physical function
• prevent or reduce health-related risk factors
• optimize overall health status, fitness, or sense of well-being

Question 2

Aspects of physical function:

Answer 2

balance/postural equilibrium, muscle performance, cardiopulmonary/endurance, mobility/flexibility, neuromuscular control/coordination, stability

Question 3

Nagi

Answer 3

active pathology–>impairment–>functional limitation–>disability

Question 4

ICF

Answer 4

impairment of body structure/function–>activity limitation–>participation restriction

Question 5

Impairments

Answer 5

consequences of pathological conditions (signs and symptoms)

Question 6

Direct/primary impairment

Answer 6

impingement - decreased ROM, pain, weakness

Question 7

Indirect/secondary impairment

Answer 7

impingement - postural asymmetry because of altered use of the upper extremity

Question 8

Functional limitation

Answer 8

occur at the level of the whole person, reduced ability of a person to perform actions or components of motor skills in an efficient or typically expected manner

Question 9

Disability

Answer 9

inability to perform or participate in activities or tasks related to one’s self, the home, work, recreation, or the community in a manner or to the extent that the individual or the community as a whole perceive as “normal” (individual and societal functioning)

Question 10

Primary prevention

Answer 10

activities such as health promotion designed to prevent disease in an at-risk population

Question 11

Secondary prevention

Answer 11

early diagnosis and reduction of the severity of the duration of existing disease and sequelae

Question 12

Tertiary prevention

Answer 12

use of rehab. to reduce the degree or limit the progression of existing disability and improve multiple aspects of function in persons with chronic, irreversible disease (“last ditch effort”)

Question 13

Patient management

Answer 13

• comprehensive examination
• evaluation of the data collected
• determination of a diagnosis based on impairments, functional limitations, and disability
• establishment of a prognosis and POC based on patient-oriented goals
• implementation of appropriate interventions

Question 14

Examination

Answer 14

health history, systems review, tests and measures

Question 15

Purpose of specific tests and measures:

Answer 15

• support or refute working hypotheses
• ascertain possible underlying causes of impairments
• establish objective baselines

Question 16

Tests and measures that identify musculoskeletal impairments:

Answer 16

• assessment of pain
• goniometry
• joint mobility, stability, and integrity tests
• tests of muscle performance (MMT, dynamometry)
• posture analysis
• gait analysis
• assessment of assistive, adaptive, or orthotic devices

Question 17

Describe what physical therapists do.

Answer 17

preferred practice patterns

Question 18

Performance

Answer 18

acquisition of a skill

Question 19

Learning

Answer 19

acquisition and retention of a skill

Question 20

Motor learning

Answer 20

relatively permanent acquisition and retention of a skilled movement or task through practice

Question 21

Discrete task

Answer 21

movement with a recognizable beginning and end (grasping an object, doing a push-up, etc.)

Question 22

Serial task

Answer 22

series of discrete movements combined in a particular sequence (eating with a fork, wheelchair transfers, etc.)

Question 23

Continuous task

Answer 23

repetitive, uninterrupted movements that have no distinct end or beginning (walking, stairs, cycling, etc.)

Question 24

Gentile’s taxonomy of motor tasks

Answer 24

• closed or open environment
• intertrial variability in the environment (absent or present)
• body stable or body transport
• manipulation of objects (absent or present)

Question 25

Three stages of motor learning

Answer 25

cognitive, associative, autonomous

Question 26

Blocked practice

Answer 26

same task or series of exercises is repeated under the same conditions and in a predictable order

Question 27

Random practice

Answer 27

slight variations of the same task are carried out in an unpredictable order

Question 28

Random-blocked practice

Answer 28

variations of the same task are performed in random order, but each variation of the task is performed more than once

Question 29

Second only to practice, this is considered the next most important variable that influences learning.

Answer 29

feedback

Question 30

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

Answer 30

either intrinsic feedback sensed during a task or immediate, post-task, augmented feedback (usually verbal) about the nature or quality of the performance of a motor task

Question 31

Knowledge of Results (KR)

Answer 31

immediate, post-task, augmented feedback about the outcome of a motor task

Question 32

Factors that affect adherence:

Answer 32

• patient’s characteristics (motivation, memory, fatigue/stress, etc.)
• factors related to patient’s health conditions or impairments (pain, co-morbidities, etc.)
• program-related variables (program difficulty, logistics, etc.)

Question 33

Two main goals of Healthy People 2010:

Answer 33

1. increase the quality of life and years of healthy living for all ages
2. eliminate health disparities

Question 34

Health

Answer 34

general physical, mental, or spiritual condition of the body

Question 35

Wellness

Answer 35

state of good health often achieved through healthy lifestyle choices

Question 36

Health promotion

Answer 36

contributing to the growth and development of health

Question 37

Primary prevention

Answer 37

preventing a target problem or condition in an individual or in a community at risk

Question 38

Secondary prevention

Answer 38

decreasing the duration and severity of disease

Question 39

Tertiary prevention

Answer 39

decreasing the degree of disability and promoting rehabilitation for individuals with chronic or irreversible diseases

Question 40

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Answer 40

precontemplation - no intention of change for next 6 months
contemplation - intend to change in next 6 months
preparation - plan for change in next 30 days, taking steps to change
action - changed behavior for less than 6 months
maintenance - changed the behavior for more than 6 months

Question 41

Steps to develop and implement prevention, health and wellness, and fitness programs.

Answer 41

1. identify a need
2. set goals and objectives
3. develop the intervention
4. implement the intervention
5. evaluate the results

Question 42

Recommendations for moderate intensity cardio training.

Answer 42

> or =30 min/day on > or = 5 days/wk for a total of > or = 150 min/wk

Question 43

Recommendations for vigorous intensity cardio training.

Answer 43

> or = 20 min/day on > or = 3 days/wk (> or = 75 min/wk)

Question 44

For resistance exercise, each major muscle group should be trained how many days per week?

Answer 44

2-3

Question 45

Repetitions recommended to improve strength and power in most adults.

Answer 45

8-12

Question 46

Repetitions effective in improving strength in middle aged and older persons starting exercise.

Answer 46

10-15

Question 47

Repetitions recommended to improve muscular endurance.

Answer 47

15-20

Question 48

Holding a static stretch for _____ seconds is recommended for most adults.

Answer 48

10-30

Question 49

A rest of __ hours between sessions for any single muscle group is recommended.

Answer 49

48

Question 50

Flexibility and neuromotor training should be performed on _____ days per week.

Answer 50

2-3

Question 51

A program of exercise that does not include all exercise components or achieves less than the recommended volumes (intensity, duration, and frequency) of exercise IS/IS NOT likely to have benefit, particularly in habitually inactive persons.

Answer 51

is