Chapter 1 and 2, ACSM Position Stand Flashcards
Main purposes of therapeutic exercise:
- remediate or prevent impairments
- improve, restore, or enhance physical function
- prevent or reduce health-related risk factors
- optimize overall health status, fitness, or sense of well-being
Aspects of physical function:
balance/postural equilibrium, muscle performance, cardiopulmonary/endurance, mobility/flexibility, neuromuscular control/coordination, stability
Nagi
active pathology–>impairment–>functional limitation–>disability
ICF
impairment of body structure/function–>activity limitation–>participation restriction
Impairments
consequences of pathological conditions (signs and symptoms)
Direct/primary impairment
impingement - decreased ROM, pain, weakness
Indirect/secondary impairment
impingement - postural asymmetry because of altered use of the upper extremity
Functional limitation
occur at the level of the whole person, reduced ability of a person to perform actions or components of motor skills in an efficient or typically expected manner
Disability
inability to perform or participate in activities or tasks related to one’s self, the home, work, recreation, or the community in a manner or to the extent that the individual or the community as a whole perceive as “normal” (individual and societal functioning)
Primary prevention
activities such as health promotion designed to prevent disease in an at-risk population
Secondary prevention
early diagnosis and reduction of the severity of the duration of existing disease and sequelae
Tertiary prevention
use of rehab. to reduce the degree or limit the progression of existing disability and improve multiple aspects of function in persons with chronic, irreversible disease (“last ditch effort”)
Patient management
- comprehensive examination
- evaluation of the data collected
- determination of a diagnosis based on impairments, functional limitations, and disability
- establishment of a prognosis and POC based on patient-oriented goals
- implementation of appropriate interventions
Examination
health history, systems review, tests and measures
Purpose of specific tests and measures:
- support or refute working hypotheses
- ascertain possible underlying causes of impairments
- establish objective baselines
Tests and measures that identify musculoskeletal impairments:
- assessment of pain
- goniometry
- joint mobility, stability, and integrity tests
- tests of muscle performance (MMT, dynamometry)
- posture analysis
- gait analysis
- assessment of assistive, adaptive, or orthotic devices
Describe what physical therapists do.
preferred practice patterns
Performance
acquisition of a skill
Learning
acquisition and retention of a skill
Motor learning
relatively permanent acquisition and retention of a skilled movement or task through practice
Discrete task
movement with a recognizable beginning and end (grasping an object, doing a push-up, etc.)
Serial task
series of discrete movements combined in a particular sequence (eating with a fork, wheelchair transfers, etc.)
Continuous task
repetitive, uninterrupted movements that have no distinct end or beginning (walking, stairs, cycling, etc.)
Gentile’s taxonomy of motor tasks
- closed or open environment
- intertrial variability in the environment (absent or present)
- body stable or body transport
- manipulation of objects (absent or present)
Three stages of motor learning
cognitive, associative, autonomous
Blocked practice
same task or series of exercises is repeated under the same conditions and in a predictable order
Random practice
slight variations of the same task are carried out in an unpredictable order
Random-blocked practice
variations of the same task are performed in random order, but each variation of the task is performed more than once
Second only to practice, this is considered the next most important variable that influences learning.
feedback
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
either intrinsic feedback sensed during a task or immediate, post-task, augmented feedback (usually verbal) about the nature or quality of the performance of a motor task
Knowledge of Results (KR)
immediate, post-task, augmented feedback about the outcome of a motor task
Factors that affect adherence:
- patient’s characteristics (motivation, memory, fatigue/stress, etc.)
- factors related to patient’s health conditions or impairments (pain, co-morbidities, etc.)
- program-related variables (program difficulty, logistics, etc.)
Two main goals of Healthy People 2010:
- increase the quality of life and years of healthy living for all ages
- eliminate health disparities
Health
general physical, mental, or spiritual condition of the body
Wellness
state of good health often achieved through healthy lifestyle choices
Health promotion
contributing to the growth and development of health
Primary prevention
preventing a target problem or condition in an individual or in a community at risk
Secondary prevention
decreasing the duration and severity of disease
Tertiary prevention
decreasing the degree of disability and promoting rehabilitation for individuals with chronic or irreversible diseases
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
precontemplation - no intention of change for next 6 months
contemplation - intend to change in next 6 months
preparation - plan for change in next 30 days, taking steps to change
action - changed behavior for less than 6 months
maintenance - changed the behavior for more than 6 months
Steps to develop and implement prevention, health and wellness, and fitness programs.
- identify a need
- set goals and objectives
- develop the intervention
- implement the intervention
- evaluate the results
Recommendations for moderate intensity cardio training.
> or =30 min/day on > or = 5 days/wk for a total of > or = 150 min/wk
Recommendations for vigorous intensity cardio training.
> or = 20 min/day on > or = 3 days/wk (> or = 75 min/wk)
For resistance exercise, each major muscle group should be trained how many days per week?
2-3
Repetitions recommended to improve strength and power in most adults.
8-12
Repetitions effective in improving strength in middle aged and older persons starting exercise.
10-15
Repetitions recommended to improve muscular endurance.
15-20
Holding a static stretch for _____ seconds is recommended for most adults.
10-30
A rest of __ hours between sessions for any single muscle group is recommended.
48
Flexibility and neuromotor training should be performed on _____ days per week.
2-3
A program of exercise that does not include all exercise components or achieves less than the recommended volumes (intensity, duration, and frequency) of exercise IS/IS NOT likely to have benefit, particularly in habitually inactive persons.
is
