chapter 7

Question 1

Learning Theory ____

Answer 1

Learning – a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

Question 2

Three theories of learning:____ ____ ____

Answer 2

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning

Question 3

Classical conditioning____

Answer 3

is based on the work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson.

Question 4

Operant conditioning ____

Answer 4

is based on the work of Edward L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner.

Question 5

Observational learning ____

Answer 5

(also called Social Learning) is based on the work of Albert Bandura.

Question 6

Terminology that explains the process of classical conditioning includes:

Answer 6

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (causes us to respond)
Unconditioned response (UCR) (instinctive/reflexive response)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) (replaces the UCS after repeated pairings)
Conditioned response (CR) (replaces the UCR with learning)

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

Acquisition (learning)
Extinction and spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery

Question 8

Acquisition (learning)

Answer 8

initial stage of classical conditioning

previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response

Question 9

Extinction recovery

Answer 9

gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response (CR)

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

reappearance of an extinguished CR after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 11

What Kinds of Responses can beClassically Conditioned?

Answer 11

Taste aversion
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-order conditioning

Question 12

Conditioning the immune system

Answer 12

Chemotherapy patients and nausea

Sherbet, adrenaline, and the immune system

Question 13

Operant Conditioning: Consequences Determine Learning

Answer 13

Law of effect & Operant Conditionin

Question 14

Law of effect

Answer 14

Thorndike
Basic principle of learning
Behavior is dependent on the outcome or consequences

Question 15

Operant Conditioning

Answer 15

B.F. Skinner
Elaborated on the law of effect
Behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment.

Question 16

Reinforcement -

Answer 16

Reinforcement - the process by which a stimulus increases the probability of the behavior that it follows

Question 17

Reinforcer

Answer 17

any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will be repeated

Question 18

Types of Reinforcers

Answer 18

Primary versus secondary reinforcers

Question 19

Primary reinforcers

Answer 19

innately reinforcing because they satisfy some biological need (e.g., food, sex).

Question 20

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 20

learned, become reinforcing by being associated with primary reinforcers (e.g., money, gold stars).

Question 21

Types of Reinforcers: Negative Reinforcement is not Punishment

Answer 21

Positive and negative reinforcers – Increase behavior

Question 22

Positive reinforcer

Answer 22

using positive or desirable stimulus to strengthen a response (e.g., money, food, praise, new car).
Learn behavior can lead to attaining the positive stimulus.

Question 23

Negative reinforcer

Answer 23

remove a negative or aversive stimulus to strengthen a response (e.g., turn off shock, stop teasing, stop torture).
Learn behavior can end the negative stimulus.

Question 24

The relativity of reinforcers

Answer 24

Premack Principle – Eat your Spinachto get your Dessert

Question 25

The Premack Principle -

Answer 25

• engaging in a less valued activity becomes more likely because it leads to the opportunity to engage in a more valued activity.

Question 26

Guidelines for using punishment

Answer 26

Punishment Decreases the Probability,

More Effective Forms of Punishment

Question 27

Reinforcement and Speed ofLearning the Behavior

Answer 27

Continuous reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is followed by a reinforcer.

Once responses have been learned, partial reinforcement has an important effect on your continued performance.

Question 28

Accidental Reinforcement andSuperstitious Behavior

Answer 28

Superstitious behavior - accidental reinforcement after engaging in a particular behavior
perform superstitious actions in the belief that reinforcement will follow

Question 29

Shaping to Teach a Complex Behavior

Answer 29

Process of teaching a new, complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior.

Question 30

Operant Conditioning and Cognition – Who needs to think?

Answer 30

Latent learning
Learned helplessness
Learning overlooked by Skinner -

Question 31

Social Learning Theory – Learning by Watching

Answer 31

Observational or social learning- Bandura

Question 32

Observational or social learning- Bandura

Answer 32

Social learning theory contends that people learn social behaviors mainly through observation and cognitive processing of information

Question 33

How Social Learning Works

Answer 33

For observational learning to occur, one must
Pay attention to the model’s behavior
Remember what has been observed
Be able to perform the observed behavior
Be motivated to perform the observed behavior

Question 34

Violence depicted on television and in films
The first set of experiments that demonstrated the power of observational learning in eliciting aggression were Bandura’s Bobo doll studies.

Answer 34

Simply observing someone being punished for aggression does not prevent the learning of aggression. It simply inhibits its expression in certain circumstances.

Question 35

Social Learning and Aggressive Behavior

Answer 35

Desensitization or emotional blunting - becoming indifferent to aggressive outbursts and violence

Question 36

Social Learning and Aggression

Answer 36

Aggressive behavior can be controlled or reduced.

By diminishing exposure to violence