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Psych Exam 2 Chs. 5,6,7 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

___ is the process that detects stimuli from our body and our environment.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

____ is the process that organizes sensations into meaningful objects and events.

A

Perception

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3
Q

Our sensory organs convert the physical properties of sound, light, and other kinds of stimuli into neural impulses. This conversion process is called ______, and it takes place at structures called sensory receptors.

A

transduction

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4
Q

One important fact to remember is that an individual can be aware of a stimulus in his or her environment only if he or she has ______ receptors that can transduce it.

A

sensory

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5
Q

Sensory Receptors for Each Primary Sense

A 
Vision	
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Touch
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6
Q

Our Senses Vary in Their _____ Thresholds

A

Sensitivity

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7
Q

_______ threshold - the lowest level of intensity of a given stimulus that a person can detect half the time.

A

Absolute

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8
Q

Absolute thresholds can _____ across individuals.

A

vary

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9
Q

As people age, their absolute thresholds for all senses increase, which means that ______ is necessary to detect stimuli.

A

greater stimulation

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10
Q

__________ explains how detection of a stimulus is influenced by an observer’s decision-making strategy or criterion.

A

Signal detection theory

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11
Q

Two important factors that shape this decision making are:

A

The observer’s expectations about the probability that the stimulus will occur, and
The rewards and costs associated with detecting or not detecting the stimulus.

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12
Q

One major contribution of signal-detection theory is that it points out that we do not have ________for a given sense.

A

a single absolute threshold

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13
Q

In addition to detecting a __________, we often must detect changes in the _____ of a stimulus or discriminate between _____.

A

weak stimulus, intensity, two similar stimuli.

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14
Q

____ law - a weak or ____ stimulus does ________ before a person notices that the stimulus has changed, but a strong or ___ stimulus requires a ____ before the change is noticed.

A

Weber’s, small, not require much change,

Large, proportionately greater change

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15
Q

Our _____ Receptors Adapt toUnchanging Stimuli

A

Sensory

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16
Q

Sensory _____ occurs when our sensory receptors decrease in responsiveness to stimuli that ____

A

adaptation, continue without change.

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17
Q

Light Passes through the _____before Focusing on the Retina

A

Cornea, Pupil, and Lens

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18
Q

Visual abnormalities can affect visual acuity, or the sharpness of the visual image at the retina.

A

true

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19
Q

Visual Information from Both Eyes Is Transmitted to Both ____.

A

Brain Hemispheres

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20
Q

Color doesn’t exist in the world ___

A

– it is all in our heads

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21
Q

Psychophysics is the study of how physical stimuli are translated into ______.

A

psychological experience.

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22
Q

Cross-cultural research indicates that there is a universally shared ____ for experiencing color among humans.

A

physiological basis

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23
Q

The _____ theory of color perception proposes there are ____ types of color receptors in the retina (cones) that produce the primary color sensations of ____

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic, three. red, green, and blue.

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24
Q

By combining different stimulation levels from these_______ receptors, our visual system produces a multitude of_____.

A

three color, different color levels

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25
Q

Trichromatic theory provides a partial explanation for color-blindness its _______

A

nonfunctioning cones

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26
Q

Opponent-process theory, proposed by _____ proposed that bipolar and ganglion cells in the ______ process light waves in terms of pairs of opposing ____.

A

Ewald Hering, retina and thalamus, colors

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27
Q

Opponent-process theory also explains certain aspects of color blindness that cannot be explained by trichromatic theory
Some “color blindness” involves loss of ability to perceive ______.

A

pairs of colors rather than just one color.

28
Q

____ is the relative constancy of perceived color under different conditions of ______.

A

Color constancy, illumination

29
Q

_____ depends on a wave of pressure created when an object vibrates. The vibration causes molecules in an_____ medium, such as air, water, or solid material, to move away from the vibrating image as sound waves.

A

Sound, elastic, waves.

30
Q

Perceiving the location of sound ______ is the ability to locate objects in space Based on when sound waves reach our ears, which ear receives it first, loudest, etc.

A

Sound localization

31
Q

_____ theories attempt to explain how the auditory system converts sound waves into perceptions of ___:

A

Three, pitch

32
Q

____ theory - pitch is determined by which place along the ________ is most activated

A

Place, cochlea’s basilar membrane

33
Q

______ theory - pitch is determined by the frequency with which the_____.

A

Frequency, basilar membrane vibrates.

34
Q

____ theory - ____ work in groups and ____firing, thus achieving a combined frequency corresponding to the frequency of the sound wave.

A

Volley,neurons, alternate

35
Q

The Two General Types of ____

A

Hearing Impairment

36
Q

_______ is hearing loss that is present at birth.

A

Congenital hearing loss

37
Q

_____ is caused by abnormalities in one or more areas of the auditory system

A

Conduction hearing loss

38
Q

The ear can be divided into three major parts:

___ ___ ___

A

The outer ear
The middle ear
The inner ear

39
Q

The main parts of the inner ear are:

___ ___ ___

A

The oval window
The cochlea
The organ of Corti

40
Q

____ and ___ are classified as higher senses in humans, meaning they are extremely important to our survival.

A

Hearing, vision

41
Q

In contrast, the senses of taste, ___ ___ ___ ___ are classified as minor senses because they are not considered as crucial to sustaining life.

A

taste, smell, touch, and proprioception

42
Q

__ ___ Represent “Far” and “Near” Chemical Senses

A

Smell and Taste

43
Q

_____ is the sense of smell, and its stimuli are airborne molecules.

A

Olfaction, airborne

44
Q

____ ____ occurs when a substance makes contact with specialized receptor cells in the mouth and throat.

A

Taste or gustation

45
Q

The taste buds on the surface of the tongue are grouped together in structures called

A

papillae

46
Q

Touch or the ___ Senses— Pressure, Temperature, and Pain

A

Skins

47
Q

Pressure: ____

A

touch

48
Q

Temperature: _____

A

receptors are located in the skin

49
Q

Pain: ___

A

not well understood but critical to survival

50
Q

Not well understood; no pain center in the brain

_____ theory: _-fibers and _-fibers

A

Gate-control theory: L-fibers and S-fibers

51
Q

L-fibers are____ and transmit sharp pain signals and close the pain “gate”

A

fast,sharp

52
Q

S-fibers are ____and transmit dull and burning pain

A

slow, dull

53
Q

Tolerance – ___ and____ factors

A

genetics and psychological factors

54
Q

The ___ Detect Body Movement and Location

A

Proprioceptive Senses

55
Q

Two proprioceptive senses

_____ & ____.

A

Kinesthetic,Vestibular

56
Q

_____ sense provides information about the ______ of body parts with respect to one another.

A

Kinesthetic ,movement and location

57
Q

_____ sense (or equilibrium) provides information on the position of the body in space—especially the head—by sensing_____

A

Vestibular , gravity and motion.

58
Q

_____ is a rare and extraordinary sensory condition in which people perceive stimuli in ______.

A

Synesthesia, other senses,colored hearing.

59
Q

According to Gestalt psychologists, our perceptions are not to be understood as the mind passively responding to a cluster of individual sensations, but rather, as the mind actively organizing ___ stimuli into a _____, or gestalt.

A

sensory stimuli into a coherent whole, or gestalt.

60
Q

____ perception is the process by which sensations are organized into meaningful _____

A

Form,shapes and patterns.

61
Q

One basic rule of form perception is the figure-ground relationship.

A

figure-ground relationship. i

62
Q

figure-ground relationship.

A

Gestalt principle that when people focus on an object in their perceptual field, they automatically distinguish it from its surroundings.

63
Q

Sensory Stimuli Are Organized into a Gestalt through Form Perception, Depth Perception, and Perceptual Constancy

A 
Similarity: 
Proximity: 
Continuity: 
Connectedness: 
Closure: 
Common fate:
64
Q

____perception is the ability to perceive objects ____-dimensionally.
depends on the use of both binocular cues and monocular cues.

A

Depth, three

65
Q

Monocular cues

A

Interposition,Familiar size: Linear perspective: Texture gradients: Atmospheric blur:Height in the field of view,Light and shadow,Motion parallax

66
Q

_____ is the tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable despite continually changing sensory information.

A

Perceptual constancy, changing

67
Q

is a misperception of physical reality often due to the misapplication of perceptual principles.

A

A perceptual illusion

Psych Exam 2 Chs. 5,6,7 (3 decks)

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