Chapter 7 Flashcards
the process by which experiences change our brain and behavior
learning
process by which an organism’s behavior toward a specific stimulus changes over time
non-associative learning
an eventual decline or discontinuation of a response to a repeated stimulus
habituation
exaggerated response after exposure to one or more stimuli
sensitization
learning an association between two stimuli in which the resulting behavior is involuntary
classical conditioning
stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training
unconditioned stimulus (US)
observable response that in produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of a US
unconditional response (UR)
stimulus that initially elicits no response
neutral stimulus
the neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning
conditioned stimulus (CS)
acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
a procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus
second-order conditioning
responding to new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
responding differently to a new stimulus that how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination:
presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding
extinction
the recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned inhibition
a learning method in which an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (reward/punishment) for that behavior
Operant conditioning
if a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened; if a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened
law of effect
presenting an event after a response increases the strength of the response
positive reinforcement
a response that is strengthened by the removal of an event
negative reinforcement
reinforcing properties are acquired through learning that these stimuli signal the presence or absence of other events
conditioned reinforcers
the presentation of an event after a response weakens that response, making it less likely to occur again
positive punishment
the removal of an event after responding lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again
negative punishment
require a certain number of responses before reinforcement is delivered
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
requires that you make a certain number of responses before reinforcement, however, the required number can change over time
Variable-Ratio Schedules
the reward is delivered for the first response that occurs following a certain interval of time; the time interval remains constant from one instance to the next
Fixed-Interval Schedules
the reward is delivered for the first response that occurs following a certain interval of time; the time interval changed from one instance to the next
Variable-Interval Schedules
reinforcement is delivered for approximations of the desired response
shaping
the natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others
modeling
