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Physics Quiz > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of kinetic energy?

A

The energy of motion

Symbol: KE; Unit: J (joules); Formula: KE = ½ mv^2

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2
Q

What is the unit of measurement for kinetic energy?

A

J (joules)

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3
Q

What does 1 kEv equal in joules?

A

1.6 x 10^-16 J

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4
Q

What are projectile electrons?

A

Electrons traveling/accelerating from cathode to anode

They constitute the X-ray tube current and transfer kinetic energy to target atoms.

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5
Q

What are the three interaction results of projectile electrons?

A
  • Production of heat
  • Formation of characteristic x-ray beams
  • Formation of bremsstrahlung x-ray beams
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6
Q

What occurs during anode heat?

A

When projectile electrons interact with the outer-shell electrons of the target atoms

Approximately 99% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons is converted to heat.

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7
Q

How is the efficiency of x-ray production affected by tube current?

A

It is independent of the tube current.

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8
Q

What is characteristic radiation?

A

Radiation resulting from the interaction of a projectile electron with an inner-shell electron of the target atoms

It involves total removal of an inner-shell electron.

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9
Q

What is an electron cascade?

A

Emission of radiation when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void.

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10
Q

What is bremsstrahlung radiation?

A

Radiation produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the nuclear field of a target atom nucleus.

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11
Q

What is the maximum-energy bremsstrahlung x-ray?

A

When the projectile electron loses all its kinetic energy.

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12
Q

What is the shape of the bremsstrahlung x-ray spectrum?

A

It extends from zero to maximum projectile electron energy.

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13
Q

What factors affect the x-ray emission spectrum?

A
  • Tube current
  • Tube voltage
  • Added filtration
  • Target material
  • Voltage waveform
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14
Q

What is the effect of added filtration on x-ray beam intensity?

A

Reduces x-ray beam intensity while increasing average energy.

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15
Q

What does a change in mA or mAs result in?

A

A proportional change in the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum at all energies.

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16
Q

What is the rule of thumb regarding kVp and mAs?

A

A 15% increase in kVp is equivalent to doubling the mAs.

17
Q

What happens to the discrete emission spectrum with an increase in target atomic number?

A

It shifts to the right.

18
Q

How many types of voltage waveform are there?

A

Five types: * Half-wave-rectified waveform
* Full-wave-rectified waveform
* Three-phase/six-pulse waveform
* Three-phase/12-pulse waveform
* High-frequency waveform

19
Q

What is the effect of voltage waveform on x-ray intensity and energy?

A

As voltage increases, x-ray intensity and energy increase slowly at first and then rapidly.

20
Q

What is the effect of an increase in current (mAs) on x-ray quantity and quality?

A

Increase in quantity; no change in quality.

21
Q

What happens when voltage (kVp) is increased?

A

Increase in quantity and quality.

22
Q

What is the relationship between added filtration and x-ray quantity?

A

Decreases quantity and increases quality.

23
Q

What is the effect of voltage ripple on x-ray quantity and quality?

A

Decrease in both quantity and quality.

24
Q

• electrons traveling/accelerating from cathode to anode.

• constitute the X-ray tube current.

• transfer kinetic energy to the target atoms.

• interacts with the orbital electrons or the nuclear field of target atoms.

A

Projectile electron

25
Q

• occurs when the projectile electrons interact with the outer-shell electrons of the target atoms.

• does not have sufficient energy to ionize outer-shell electrons.

• constant excitation and return of outer-shell electrons.

• directly related to mA and kVp (diagnostic range). approximately 99% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons is converted to heat.

A

Anode heat

26
Q

• if the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron of the target atoms.

• result when the interaction is sufficiently violent to ionize the target atom through total removal of an inner-shell electron.

A

Characteristic radiation

27
Q

What is an ELECTRON CASCADE

A

emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void.

28
Q

• produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the nuclear field of a target atom nucleus.

• “slowed-down radiation” (German word)

• results from the braking of projectile electrons by the nucleus.

• an interaction with the nucleus of a target atom.

• energy: all or none

A

BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION

29
Q

when the projectile electron loses all its kinetic energy and simply drifts away from the nucleus

A

MAXIMUM-ENERGY BREMSSTRAHLUNG X-RAY

30
Q

when the projectile electron is barely influenced by the nucleus.

A

LOW-ENERGY BREMSSTRAHLUNG X-RAY

31
Q

the range of values of any quantity extends (such as x-rays)

A

Spectrum

32
Q

contains only specific values.

A

DISCRETE SPECTRUM

33
Q

contains all possible values

A

CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM

34
Q

can be graphed as the number of x-rays for each increment of energy in keV.

A

X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRUM

35
Q

a plot of the frequency with which characteristic x-rays are emitted as a function of their energy

A

CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY SPECTRUM

Physics Quiz (7 decks)

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