Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is learning?
Lasting change as a results of practice, study or experience it has to be inferred from behaviour
2 types of learning
Associative learning- a change as a result of experience where 2 or more stimuli become linked
Non-associative learning- learning that doesn’t involve forming associations between stimuli changes over time without any association with a positive or negative reinforcement
Non associative(just a reaction)
Habituation - weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
Dishabituation- a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation
Sensitization- a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli
Associative learning(connection between 2 or more stimulus)
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that on its own elicit a response(i.e.food)
Unconditioned response (UR)
a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned(i.e.salvation)
Conditioned stimulus(CS)
a neutral stimulus that eventually elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired (i.e. bell)
Conditioned response(CR)
a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it usually the same as unconditioned response(i.e.salvation)
Aquisition
the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship; the most rapid acquisition followed by the strongest response is half a minute delay between CS and US
Extinction
reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
Spontaneous recovery
re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction occurred
Systematic desensitization
a process used to condition extinction of phobias through a gradual exposure to the feared object or situation
Conditioned taste aversion
a form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulusA(often an odor or taste) elicit an aversive reaction after its paired with an illness (nausea)
Operant conditioning
a form of associative learning where behavior is modified depending on it’s consequences
Law of effect
behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again
Behaviorism
the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour
Reinforcement
an experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior
Positive punishment
presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated
Negative punishment
removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated
Primary reinforcers
a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding(food,water,termination of pain)
Secondary reinforcers
a neutral stimulus that becomes rewearding when associated with a primary reinforcer(working earns money)
Primary punisher
a stimulus that is naturally associated with bad (slapping,electric shock,extreme temperatures)
Secondary punisher
a stimulus that becomes learned to know its bad (disapproval, criticism, bad grades)
Continuous reinforcement
behavior is reinforced every time it occurs(training occurs more quickly)
Intermittent reinforcement
behavior is only followed by reinforcement some of the time(behaviors are harder to extinguish)
Fixed ratio schedule
- reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
- High rate of responding but with pauses
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable, average number of responses
Fixed interval schedule
Occurs after a fixed time has elapsed
Variable interval schedule
Occurs after varying lengths of time
Shaping
Introducing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior until the complete behavioral sequence emerges (shaping a dog to roll over)
Behavioral modification
A systematic approach to change behavior using principles of operant conditioning (teaching new academic, athletic, or social skills)
Observational learning or social learning
occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others, called models
Modelling
occurs when an observer learns from the behavior of another
Vicarious learning
occurs when an individual observes the consequences to others actions and then chooses to duplicate the behavior or refrain from doing so
Implicit learning
refers to the acquisition of information without awareness(e.g. Learning to talk or to walk)
Latent learning
Form of learning that is not expressed until learning there is a reward
Insight learning
a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts
