Chapter 7

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Lasting change as a results of practice, study or experience it has to be inferred from behaviour

Question 2

2 types of learning

Answer 2

Associative learning- a change as a result of experience where 2 or more stimuli become linked

Non-associative learning- learning that doesn’t involve forming associations between stimuli changes over time without any association with a positive or negative reinforcement

Question 3

Non associative(just a reaction)

Answer 3

Habituation - weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

Dishabituation- a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation

Sensitization- a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

Question 4

Associative learning(connection between 2 or more stimulus)

Answer 4

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 5

a stimulus that on its own elicit a response(i.e.food)

Question 6

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 6

a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned(i.e.salvation)

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus(CS)

Answer 7

a neutral stimulus that eventually elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired (i.e. bell)

Question 8

Conditioned response(CR)

Answer 8

a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it usually the same as unconditioned response(i.e.salvation)

Question 9

Aquisition

Answer 9

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship; the most rapid acquisition followed by the strongest response is half a minute delay between CS and US

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction occurred

Question 12

Systematic desensitization

Answer 12

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through a gradual exposure to the feared object or situation

Question 13

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 13

a form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulusA(often an odor or taste) elicit an aversive reaction after its paired with an illness (nausea)

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

a form of associative learning where behavior is modified depending on it’s consequences

Question 15

Law of effect

Answer 15

behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again

Question 16

Behaviorism

Answer 16

the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

an experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior

Question 18

Positive punishment

Answer 18

presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated

Question 19

Negative punishment

Answer 19

removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated

Question 20

Primary reinforcers

Answer 20

a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding(food,water,termination of pain)

Question 21

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 21

a neutral stimulus that becomes rewearding when associated with a primary reinforcer(working earns money)

Question 22

Primary punisher

Answer 22

a stimulus that is naturally associated with bad (slapping,electric shock,extreme temperatures)

Question 23

Secondary punisher

Answer 23

a stimulus that becomes learned to know its bad (disapproval, criticism, bad grades)

Question 24

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 24

behavior is reinforced every time it occurs(training occurs more quickly)

Question 25

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 25

behavior is only followed by reinforcement some of the time(behaviors are harder to extinguish)

Question 26

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 26

• reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
• High rate of responding but with pauses

Question 27

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 27

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable, average number of responses

Question 28

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 28

Occurs after a fixed time has elapsed

Question 29

Variable interval schedule

Answer 29

Occurs after varying lengths of time

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

Introducing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior until the complete behavioral sequence emerges (shaping a dog to roll over)

Question 31

Behavioral modification

Answer 31

A systematic approach to change behavior using principles of operant conditioning (teaching new academic, athletic, or social skills)

Question 32

Observational learning or social learning

Answer 32

occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others, called models

Question 33

Modelling

Answer 33

occurs when an observer learns from the behavior of another

Question 34

Vicarious learning

Answer 34

occurs when an individual observes the consequences to others actions and then chooses to duplicate the behavior or refrain from doing so

Question 35

Implicit learning

Answer 35

refers to the acquisition of information without awareness(e.g. Learning to talk or to walk)

Question 36

Latent learning

Answer 36

Form of learning that is not expressed until learning there is a reward

Question 37

Insight learning

Answer 37

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts