Chapter 7

Question 1

What is the size of Quebec?

Answer 1

1.668 million km²

Question 2

What is the population of Quebec, as a proportion of Canada?

Answer 2

Quebec accounts for 24% of Canada’s total population.

Question 3

What is the capital city of Quebec?

Answer 3

Quebec City

Question 4

what is the largest city in Quebec?

Answer 4

Montreal

Question 5

When did Cartier sail into the Bay of Cheleur?

Answer 5

Jacques Cartier encountered the Micmac people in Chaleur Bay on July 7, 1534, during his first voyage to North America

Question 6

When did Samuel de Champlain found Quebec City?

Answer 6

French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608

Question 7

What is the importance of the French language to the preservation of French culture?

Answer 7

The French language is a vital part of French culture and identity, and is important for preserving French culture in several ways:
Symbol of national identity
The French language is a strong symbol of national identity, representing centuries of art, literature, and history. During the French Revolution, the language was a means of unifying the French people.
Gateway to understanding French culture
The French language is a key way to understand French culture, and is a fundamental aspect of French identity

Question 8

What is the importance of Roman Catholicism to the preservation of French culture?

Answer 8

Maintaining the French language: The Catholic Church has worked to preserve the French language.
Supporting French-Canadian institutions: The Catholic Church has helped maintain French-Canadian institutions.
Influencing the economy: The Catholic Church has encouraged French Canadians to participate in the economy.
Providing social services: The Catholic Church has provided social services, including education and health care.
Promoting traditional values: The Catholic Church has promoted traditional Catholic values, including remaining faithful to rural ways of life and having many children.
Influencing politics: The Catholic Church has worked with politicians to promote its interests.
Being a haven for refugees: During the French Revolution, Quebec became a haven for French Catholic refugees.
Being present since the beginning: The Catholic Church has been present in Quebec since the first Europeans arrived, when a French priest celebrated Mass on what is now Canadian soil in 1534.

Question 9

Differentiate between Anglophones, Allophones, and Francophones?

Answer 9

Anglophones, Allophones, and Francophones are terms used in Canada to describe linguistic groups based on their first language:

Anglophones: People whose first language is English

Francophones: People whose first language is French

Allophones: People whose first language is not English, French, or an Indigenous language

Question 10

What is meant by Quebecois?

Answer 10

a native or inhabitant of Quebec, typically one who is French Canadian

Question 11

What is meant by pure laine?

Answer 11

The French term pure laine ( lit. ‘pure wool’ or ‘genuine’, often translated as ‘old stock’ or ‘dyed-in-the-wool’), refers to Québécois people of full French Canadian ancestry, meaning those descended from the original settlers of New France who arrived during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question 12

How many physiographic regions are there in Quebec? Which is the largest?

Answer 12

Four of Canada’s physiographic regions extend over the province’s territory. The Canadian Shield extends over most of Quebec, close to 90 percent.

Question 13

What is the climate like in southern Quebec (St. Lawrence Lowlands region)?

Answer 13

Mild continental climate.

Question 14

What are the four physiographic regions?

Answer 14

he Hudson Bay Lowlands, the Canadian Shield, the Appalachian Uplands and the Great Lakes–St Lawrence Lowlands—and each has a different resource base and settlement pattern

Question 15

What is the second largest manufacturing enterprise in Quebec?

Answer 15

Bombardier Inc.

specializes in the production of aerospace and transportation equipment, including commercial aircraft and rail transportation systems. Bombardier has been a major player in both global aviation and rail transportation industries, after the aerospace division was split from its other operations

Question 16

Name three environmental issues in Quebec?

Answer 16

Extreme weather events, spring flooding, heavy snowfall from cold winters.

Question 17

What are the major historical events that define the boundaries between the three periods of Quebec’s Historical Geography?

Question 18

What were French fur traders called?

Answer 18

voyageurs or coureurs des bois

Question 19

How were the relations with First Nations different for the French than the English?

Answer 19

The French had different relations with First Nations than the English in a number of ways, including:

Assimilation: The French generally allowed First Nations to remain as they were, while the English were more active in trying to change them.

Alliances: The French formed economic and military alliances with influential First Nations tribes. The Abenaki, for example, were allied with the French until the French Regime ended in 1760.

Intermarriage: The French and First Nations often married each other.

Cultural middle ground: The French and First Nations developed a shared culture with common customs, rituals, and ideas.

Slavery: The French imposed slavery on First Nations who defied their power.

Land disputes: The French engaged in violent conflicts with First Nations over land disputes. For example, the French launched expeditions against the Chicachas after the Natchez attacked a French garrison at Fort Rosalie

Question 20

Who was Jean Talon and how did he influence the creation of New France?

Answer 20

Jean Talon was the first intendant of New France. He arrived in 1665 in New France. His goal was to create a feudal agricultural society. The measures he took; First, he recruited peasants from France. Second, he sent for young women—orphaned girls and daughters of poor families in France—to provide wives for the men of the colony. Third, he imposed the French feudal system of landownership, known as the seigneurial system.

Question 21

Explain with detail what the Seigneurial system was?

Answer 21

The French feudal system of landownership (a.k.a. seigneurial system).n the seigneurial system, huge tracts of land were granted to those favoured by the king, namely, the nobility, religious institutions of the Roman Catholic Church, military officers, and high-ranking government officials. The seigneur was obliged to swear allegiance to the king and to have his tenants cultivate the lands on his estate. In exchange for use of the land, the tenants owed certain obligations to their seigneur: paying yearly dues (cens et rentes) to their seigneur; working the seigneur’s land, especially in regard to road maintenance (corvée); and paying rent for using the seigneur’s grinding mill and bake ovens (droit de banalité).

Question 22

How does the Seigneurial system influences Canadian geography?

Answer 22

The long and narrow lots still mark the landscape

Question 23

When was the British conquest of New France?

Answer 23

the military Conquest of New France by Great Britain during the Seven Years’ War of 1756–1763 – started with a British campaign in 1758 and ended with the region being put under a British military regime between 1760 and 1763.

Question 24

The establishment of a British Colony (period 2) in New France altered life for most Canadiens, explain the difference?

Question 25

What French establishments or customs did the British keep?

Question 26

A loss of political power and the influx of Anglophones into Montreal should have changed the French Canadian culture?

Question 27

Explain the role of the Catholic Church in the preservation of French language and culture?

Answer 27

The Catholic Church played a significant role in preserving the French language and culture in a number of ways, including:
Influencing the French language
The Catholic Church’s language, Latin, influenced the French language from the Early Middle Ages, leaving a lasting imprint on vocabulary and idiomatic expressions.
Shaping French culture
Catholicism was the state religion of France until 1789 and played a significant role in shaping French culture.
Preserving French in New France
The Catholic Church was responsible for the spiritual and social lives of colonists in New France, including maintaining the French language and French-Canadian institutions.
Preserving French laws and customs
The Quebec Act of 1774 helped preserve French laws and customs. The ruling elite sought to win the loyalty of the French Canadian majority through measures of appeasement.

Question 28

What was the Chateau Clique - what was the English equivalent?

Answer 28

The Château Clique was a group of wealthy families in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) that was similar to the Family Compact in Upper Canada (present-day Ontario)

A group of wealthy anglophone merchants and some French Canadian seigneurs who gained influence after the War of 1812. They wanted to assimilate the French Canadian majority to English culture. The Château Clique was named after Château St-Louis, the governor’s residence and the location of government offices.

Question 29

What was the Quebec Act of 1774?

Answer 29

The Quebec Act of 1774 was a British law that established the government of the Province of Quebec, and had many consequences, including:
Religious freedom
The act granted freedom of worship to Catholics and allowed French to be used in civil matters and religious practices.
Land rights
The act restored French property rights and preserved the seigneurial system of land tenure.
Territory
The act expanded the size of the Province of Quebec to include the Great Lakes region and much of the Ohio River valley.
Government structure
The act created a governor and a legislative council, but no elected assembly.
Law
The act established French civil law for non-criminal matters, but English criminal law was introduced.
The Quebec Act was passed to gain the loyalty of the French-speaking majority of the Province of Quebec. However, it was seen as a threat by American colonists and was a major cause of the American Revolution. The act is considered one of the five “Intolerable Acts” by the Thirteen American Colonies.

Question 30

What were the Rebellions about and when did they occur? (Chateau Clique)

Answer 30

In 1837 and 1838, rebellions broke out. In Lower Canada Louis-Joseph Papineau led the rebels, while William Lyon Mackenzie headed the rebels in Upper Canada. Both uprisings were ruthlessly suppressed by British troops. The goal of both insurrections was to take control by wresting power from the colonial governments in Toronto and Quebec City and putting government in the hands of the popularly elected assemblies. In Lower Canada the rebellion was also an expression of Anglo–French animosity.

Question 31

Who was Lord Durham and how did he change Canada’s geographical history?

Answer 31

Both uprisings were unsuccessful, the British government nevertheless sent Lord Durham to Canada as governor general to investigate the rebels’ grievances. He recommended a form of responsible government and the union of the two Canadas. Once the two colonies were unified, the next step, according to Durham, would be the assimilation of the French Canadians into British culture.

Question 32

Lower Canada became Canada ______?

Answer 32

Canada East

Question 33

Why is Upper Canada called Upper Canada?

Answer 33

Upper Canada was named for its location upstream from the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River.

Question 34

Eventually, Canada entered Confederation (period 3) in ______, which was _____ years after the Rebellions and the Act of Union.

Answer 34

1867 and 30 years.

Question 35

What were the benefits of Confederation to Quebec (3 reasons)

Answer 35

Protection of French Culture and Language: One of the most important advantages for Quebec was the protection of French-Canadian rights, particularly the preservation of the French language, Catholic religion, and civil law system. These were safeguarded through the Quebec Act of 1774 and incorporated into the Canadian Constitution, ensuring that Quebec could maintain its distinct cultural identity within the broader Canadian framework​
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Political Representation and Influence: Quebec gained the ability to directly participate in the new federal system, ensuring political representation in the House of Commons and the Senate. The province’s political autonomy was enhanced, as it could influence national policies through its elected officials, helping to secure its interests in areas such as education, immigration, and economic development​

Economic Benefits: Confederation helped provide financial stability to Quebec by joining a larger, unified economy. The expansion of trade within Canada, access to national infrastructure (such as the railroad system), and the opportunity to participate in national economic policies were crucial for Quebec’s growth. Confederation also provided financial support from the federal government for infrastructure projects, like transportation, which were important for Quebec’s economic development​

Question 36

Explain the territorial expansion of Quebec into its current form?

Question 37

In 1927, the British colony of Newfoundland took exception to the boundary. The boundary dispute was settled in ______, and the land is currently is called ______________.

Answer 37

1927 Labrador

Question 38

Before WWII, Quebec was considered insular, inward-looking and Church dominated, The Quiet Revolution changed this. How?

Answer 38

Secularization of society, economic moderization, cultural identity, rise of the middle class

In summary, the Quiet Revolution was a turning point for Quebec, moving it from a Church-dominated, rural society into a more modern, secular, and economically competitive province. It laid the foundation for the development of a distinct Quebecois identity and pushed for greater autonomy within Canada.

Question 39

List the main accomplishments of the Quebec Government, during and shortly after the Quiet Revolution.

Question 40

What is the difference between a Federalist and a Separatist?

Answer 40

Federalists aim to preserve Quebec’s place within Canada, advocating for reforms to strengthen the rights of Quebec within the federal system.
Separatists want Quebec to secede from Canada and establish its own sovereign state.

Question 41

Two referendums were held, what was the premise of these referendums?
What was the effect of those two referendums on the Quebec economy?

Answer 41

1980 Referendum (The Parti Québécois (PQ), led by René Lévesque, proposed a sovereignty-association plan, where Quebec would become an independent state but continue an economic and political partnership with Canada) Rejected by 60%
1995 Referendum Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign, with full control over its affairs, including the ability to sign treaties and participate in international organizations?”
Much closer
created uncertainty regarding the future of the province within Canada, affecting business investment, financial markets, and consumer confidence.

Question 42

Modern Quebec is based upon the exportation of energy, the geographical location of its ports and railways, and the development of it innovation and technological sectors; name three technological or modern technological industries?

Answer 42

Aerospace, Information Technology and Software Development, Renewable Energy (Quebec’s energy sector, primarily based on hydroelectric power, has spurred innovation in clean technologies.

Question 43

Quebec’s manufacturing industries have decreased in the past 40 years; part of this is the result of increased foreign trade and imports of lower cost products. This is a prime example of Glo_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 43

Globalization

Question 44

Provide two examples of Quebec’s success in high-tech industry?

Answer 44

Bombadier, Mila Ai research

Question 45

What is the name of Quebec’s crown corporation in charge of electricity production and distribution?

Answer 45

Hydro-Quebec

Question 46

Provide an overview of the James Bay Project.

Answer 46

Began in the 1970s, consists of several hydroelectric power stations along the La Grande RIver and its tributaries, situated in the James Bay area of norther Quebec. Spearheaded by Hydro-Quebec

Question 47

Why is Quebec determined to increase their power generation and expand the export market?

Answer 47

In summary, Quebec’s goal to incr generation and expand its export market is part of a broader strategy to capitalize on its renewable energy resources, stimulate economic growth, and contribute to global sustainability efforts. This strategy supports economic diversification, positions Quebec as a clean energy leader, and ensures that the province remains competitive in the global energy market.

Question 48

What is the benefit to Quebec for selling low-cost power?

Answer 48

Economic Growth and Revenue, The province become one of the largest exporters of electricity in North America, especially to the United States. This allows Quebec to start foreign income.

Question 49

What was the Paix des braves agreement and what preceded it?

Answer 49

The Paix des Braves (Peace of the Braves) is a landmark agreement signed in 2002 between the Government of Quebec and the Cree Nation of Northern Quebec.
Before the Paix des Braves, there were tensions between the Cree and the Quebec government, particularly regarding the James Bay Project in the 1970s. The Cree had been significantly affected by the flooding and disruption of their lands due to the construction of hydroelectric dams, which led to legal battles and the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) of 1975.

Question 50

Explain why Montreal is a focal point of the English/French faultline?

Answer 50

Montreal remains symbolic of the linguistic and cultural divide in Quebec and Canada. It is a city where French and English coexist, often in a dynamic and sometimes contentious relationship.