Chapter 7

Question 1

the second main application of inferential statistics

Answer 1

hypothesis testing

Question 2

2 things hypothesis testing does

Answer 2

-measures the likelihood a relationship exists between variables in a population
-probability that a relationship is due to random chance such as a sampling error

Question 3

5 step process for hypothesis testing

Answer 3

1.)Make assumptions and meet test requirements.
2.)State the null hypothesis.
3.)Select the sampling distribution and establish the critical region.
4.)Compute the test statistic.
5.)Make a decision and interpret the results.

Question 4

what is a hypothesis

Answer 4

a specific statement about the relationship between variables that is logically derived from theory

Question 5

Null hypothesis

Answer 5

H0 meaning no relationship

Question 6

research hypotheisis

Answer 6

H1 contradicts null hypothesis

Question 7

sampling ditribution

Answer 7

theoretical understanding that endless samples will result in a bell-curve

Question 8

Critical region

Answer 8

area under the sampling distribution encompassing sample outcomes defined as “unlikely” by the researcher

Question 9

If our sample falls into the critical region

Answer 9

we reject the null hypothesis of no relations and we accept that there is a relationship

Question 10

What is the test statistic used for

Answer 10

evaluate the probability of the sample outcome (assuming the null hypothesis is true)

Question 11

p-value

Answer 11

probability located in the tails of the sampling distribution beyond the value of the test statitic

Question 12

what doesn’t hold in the alpha region and what is the alpha region also known as

Answer 12

the null hypothesis doesn’t hold in the critical region

Question 13

the test statistic is in the critical region what is the decision and interpretation

Answer 13

we reject the null hypothesis and say the difference is statistically signiicant

Question 14

the test statistic is not in the critical region what is the decision and interpretation

Answer 14

fail to reject the null hypothesis and the difference is not statistically significant

Question 15

failing to reject the null hypothesis means

Answer 15

there is a relationship between the varibales

Question 16

Type I or alpha error

Answer 16

probability that we reject the null-hypothesis in an error of 0.05 or whatever level we set alpha

Question 17

Type II or beta error

Answer 17

the risk of failing to reject the null hypothesis increases

Question 18

Which type error do we try to control and how

Answer 18

a type I error by setting the alpha level

Question 19

put in chart

Answer 19

Question 20

what levels is a chi square test good for

Answer 20

nominal or ordinal

Question 21

the independent variables go into

Answer 21

columns (up and down)

Question 22

the dependent variables go into

Answer 22

rows (side to side)

Question 23

When are 2 variables considered independent

Answer 23

when the classification of one case has no effect the the case will also fall into the other catergory

Question 24

2 types of frequency’s

Answer 24

observed and expected

Question 25

how to calculate expected frequencys

Answer 25

Question 26

How to find chi squared

Answer 26

Fo-Fe
square it
divide by Fe

Question 27

what does the chi square being nonparametric mean

Answer 27

makes no assumption the population has a normal-curve

Question 28

How to state H0

Answer 28

Fo=Fe

Question 29

How to state H1

Answer 29

Fo=/ Fe

Question 30

How to find degrees of freedom for chi square

Answer 30

(r-1) x (c-1)

Question 31

X2 critical= 3.84
X2 obtained= 10.78
Null hypothesis?

Answer 31

we reject the null hypothesis because it is unlikely to happen by chance

Question 32

Chi square should be used with (2)

Answer 32

4 or fewer categories
small sample