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Psyc 100A > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning (2 definitions)

A

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviours

a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

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3
Q

How do learned associations operate

A

often subtly:
red vs black pen -> will spot more errors with the red pen due to its association

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4
Q

two types of associative learning

A

classical and operant conditioning

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

link two stimuli and anticipate events (CANNOT CONTROL STIMULI —> AUTOMATIC RESPONSES)

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6
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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7
Q

respondent behaviour

A

behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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8
Q

operant behaviours

A

behaviour that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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9
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events, watching others, or through language

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10
Q

observational learning

A

learning from observing other’s experience

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11
Q

behaviourism 2 views on psychology

A
  1. should be an objective science
  2. studies behaviour without reference to mental processes (mental health)
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12
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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13
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

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14
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus)

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16
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

an originally irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus begins to trigger the conditioned response

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17
Q

five major conditioning processes

A
  1. acquisition
  2. extinction
  3. spontaneous recovery
  4. generalization
  5. discrimination
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18
Q

Acquisition (classical)

A

the initial stage of learning
- when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

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19
Q

Acquisition (operant)

A

the strengthening of reinforced response

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20
Q

timing for acquisition

A

half a second (between NS + US)

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21
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

procedure where CS is paired with a new NS creating a second (often weaker) CS

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22
Q

Extinction (classical)

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response
when a US does not follow a CS
suppresses the CS

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23
Q

extinction (operant)

A

when a response is no longer reinforced

24
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

25
Q

what does conditioning help us with

A

prepare for benefits or threats
survive and reproduce

26
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

27
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a US

28
Q

operant conditioning

A

associate behaviour and its consequence
behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

29
Q

law of effect

A

behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely and that behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely

30
Q

operant chamber

A

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices to record the rate of bar or key pressing

31
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows

32
Q

shaping

A

reinforces guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour

33
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviours by adding a desirable stimulus after a response -> strengthens the response

34
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviours by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli after a response -> strengthens the response

35
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus (unlearned)

36
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (AKA secondary reinforcer)

37
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

38
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
- best choice for mastering a behaviour
- extinction occurs rapidly

39
Q

intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time
- slower acquisition
- greater resistance to extinction

40
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

41
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

42
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

43
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

44
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behaviour that it follows

45
Q

positive punishment

A

administer something undesired

46
Q

negative punishment

A

end something that is desired

47
Q

4 drawbacks of physical punishment

A
  1. punished behaviour is suppressed not forgotten
  2. teaches discrimination among situations
  3. can teach fear
  4. can increase aggression by modeling aggression as a way to cope
48
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

49
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

50
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake

51
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

52
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

53
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour

54
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
- may enable imitation and empathy

55
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

positive, constructive, helpful behaviour (opposite of anitsocial)

56
Q
A

Psyc 100A (6 decks)

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