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Nutrition & Diet > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Unique long chain of 20 amino acids

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2
Q

What are the three main groups present in each amino acid?

A

Carboxyl group (COOH) and Amine group (NH2), and a side chain (R group).

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3
Q

List six functions of proteins in the body.

A
  • Structural support
  • Enzymes and hormones
  • Fluid balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Transport substances
  • Support immune system

Proteins play various roles including mechanical support, acting as enzymes, and maintaining fluid balance.

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4
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the body?

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body.

Some require a coenzyme which as Vitamin B.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: Low blood protein can cause fluid retention, also known as _______.

A

Edema

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues.

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6
Q

What is the role of proteins in acid-base balance?

A

Acting as buffers

Proteins can resist changes in pH, helping to maintain acid-base balance in the body.

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7
Q

What proteins transport substances through the body and where?

A

Proteins like lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, etc.) transport fat through the bloodstream and the whole body.

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8
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize

Essential amino acids must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them.

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9
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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10
Q

How many nonessential amino acids are there?

A

11

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11
Q

What does ‘conditionally essential’ mean in relation to amino acids?

A

Body cannot make enough under certain conditions

Conditionally essential amino acids become essential during periods of stress or illness when the body’s needs exceed its ability to produce them.

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12
Q

What determines protein quality?

A

High quality: Contains all 9 essential amino acids, low quality: Lacks or low in 1 or more essential amino acids.

High-quality proteins are often found in animal sources, while low-quality proteins are more common in certain plant sources.

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13
Q

What are examples of animal foods rich in protein?

A

Examples include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products

These sources typically provide all essential amino acids.

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14
Q

What are examples of plant foods rich in protein?

A

Tofu, quinoa, soy beans, nuts and seeds.

While these are good protein sources, they may lack one or more essential amino acids.

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15
Q

What is typically NOT high in protein?

A

Fruits and many vegetables as well as animal products like gelatin (connective tissue).

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16
Q

What are short chains of amino acids called?

A

Peptides that contain 2-10 amino acids.

Example 2 dipeptides and 3 tripeptides.

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17
Q

What is the typical range of amino acids in most proteins?

A

Most proteins contain between 100 and 10,000 amino acids

This variability affects the protein’s shape therefore its function.

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18
Q

What determines a protein’s function?

A

A protein’s function is determined by its shape from its unique amino acid sequence.

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19
Q

What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

Peptide bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

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20
Q

What is the role of attractions and interactions in a secondary protein structure?

A

They cause the protein to spiral, bend, and curl

These interactions contribute to the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins.

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21
Q

What is the three-dimensional structure of a protein called?

A

Tertiary structure

The tertiary structure is crucial for the protein’s functionality and interactions.

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22
Q

True or False: All tertiary structures can come together and form multiple links making a quaternary structure.

A

False

Not all tertiary structures do this and if they do an example would be hemoglobin as a quaternary structure.

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23
Q

What are amino acids composed of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Nitrogen is the element linked to protein!

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24
Q

Most found protein in the body?

A

Collagen

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25
Q

Most abundant type of tissue type found in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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26
Q

Example of an enzyme and hormone.

A

Insulin and glucagon, enzymes and hormones are made of protein.

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27
Q

How does fluid balance keep fluid dispersed evenly between body parts?

A

Attracting water back into the capillaries.

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28
Q

What proteins contribute to a healthy immune system?

A

Antibodies

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29
Q

Longer chains of protein contain how many amino acids and what are these chains called?

A

Polypeptide and they have 10-100 amino acids.

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30
Q

What begins the process of protein synthesis?

A

A section of DNA unwinds, exposing a gene.

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31
Q

What does a gene contain?

A

Coded information about the order of amino acids in a specific protein.

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32
Q

What is the process called when a gene undergoes transcription?

A

The sequence of amino acids is copied to form messenger RNA (mRNA).

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33
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Transfers information concerning the amino acid sequence from the nucleus to ribosomes.

34
Q

Where does protein synthesis primarily occur?

A

In the cytoplasm at ribosomes.

35
Q

What do ribosomes do during the translation process?

A

Read mRNA and determine which amino acid to add to the polypeptide chain.

36
Q

What is released by the ribosome once translation is complete?

A

The newly formed protein.

37
Q

What is protein denaturation and three ways this can happen?

A

The alteration of a protein’s natural shape through heat, acid, and physical agitation.

38
Q

What is the first step in protein digestion?

A

Denaturation in the stomach.

39
Q

What role does the pancreas play in protein digestion?

A

Produces enzymes that split proteins into individual amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides like trippin and chymotrypsin.

40
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Conveys a specific amino acid to the ribosome.

41
Q

Fill in the blank: Each tRNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the _______.

A

ribosome.

42
Q

What happens to the peptide chain at the ribosome?

A

The amino acid delivered by tRNA attaches to the peptide chain, lengthening it.

43
Q

What is the final step in protein digestion and absorption?

A

Absorption into the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver, so the liver can tell the protein where to go.

44
Q

Before proteins get absorbed by the hepatic portal vein, what happened in the small intestine?

A

Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells in the small intestine.

45
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

The breaking down of old or unneeded proteins into their components (amino acids) and recycling them for new uses.

This process is essential for maintaining the body’s protein balance and function.

46
Q

What do amino acids in the body’s amino acid pool originate from?

A

They come from both the body’s own protein breakdown (endogenous) and dietary sources (exogenous).

Dietary proteins contain essential and nonessential amino acids.

47
Q

What is meant by the term ‘amino acid pool’?

A

A limited supply of all the amino acids that exists in the blood and inside cells.

This pool is used to create new proteins as needed by the body.

48
Q

What happens to the nitrogen-containing amine groups during protein turnover?

A

They are removed from amino acids, generating ammonia (NH3), which is converted to urea and excreted in urine.

Can be harmful to the kidneys by releasing ammonia.

49
Q

After amine groups are removed in protein turnover, amino acids can be used for?

A

They can be burned for energy, stored as fat, or made into glucose.

50
Q

What is the process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid called?

A

Deamination.

Deamination is a key step in amino acid catabolism.

51
Q

What is the transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton called?

A

Transamination.

This process is important for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids.

52
Q

What is ammonia (NH3) converted to in the liver?

A

Urea.

Urea is a less toxic form of nitrogen waste that can be excreted by the kidneys.

53
Q

Where is urea excreted from the body?

A

In urine.

This is how the body safely eliminates excess nitrogen.

54
Q

What do kidneys excrete?

A

Urea.

The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products from the blood.

55
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

Nitrogen gain equals nitrogen loss

This concept is crucial for understanding the body’s protein metabolism and overall health.

56
Q

What is positive nitrogen balance?

A

Body retains more nitrogen than it loses

This often occurs during periods of growth, pregnancy, or recovery from illness.

57
Q

What is negative nitrogen balance?

A

Body loses more nitrogen than it retains

This can indicate malnutrition, illness, or stress.

58
Q

What is the AMDR for protein?

A

10% to 35% of total daily kcal

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) helps guide protein intake.

59
Q

What is the RDA for protein?

A

0.8 grams per kilogram body weight

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) may vary based on activity levels.

60
Q

How much protein may athletes need?

A

1.0 to 1.6 grams per kilogram

Protein needs can increase for athletes, especially during injury recovery (2.0).

61
Q

What should be limited in protein intake?

A

Limit intake of saturated fats, excess fat, and processed meat.

62
Q

What are examples of protein-rich meat alternatives?

A

Fish, dry beans, split peas, seeds, and nuts.

These alternatives can help meet protein needs in plant-based diets.

63
Q

What are health benefits of a plant-based diet?

A

Reduces risk of heart disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and certain cancers.

Plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases.

64
Q

What are the 4 main risks of deficiencies in a plant-based diet?

A

Vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D.

B12 comes strictly from animal products, must supplement.

65
Q

Which groups are at highest risk for deficiencies on a plant-based diet?

A

Vegans, pregnant women, young children

Special attention is needed to avoid deficiencies in these populations.

66
Q

Choose more _______ meat.

A

lean meat

Lean meats are recommended for maintaining health while meeting protein needs.

67
Q

What are potential risks of excess protein intake?

A

May increase risk of kidney stones, heart disease, and dehydration risks.

68
Q

High amounts of red or processed meat are associated with increased risk for which health issues?

A

Certain diseases and some forms of cancer.

69
Q

How does high protein intake affect weight management?

A

It can help with weight loss, but is difficult to maintain.

70
Q

What are the consequences of protein deficiency?

A

Reduced lean body mass from all tissues, impaired mobility and healing, decreased immune system health.

71
Q

What is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and people who are at risk?

A

Inadequate protein and/or calorie intake, often leading to severe deficiency. Poverty, illness, early weaning, and poor sanitation.

72
Q

What are the symptoms of severe protein deficiency?

A

Marasmus for calorie deficiency: skin and bones appearance “anorexia nervosa”

Kwashiorkor for protein deficiency: swelling imprints on skin “edema”

Combined both of them for severe cases

73
Q

What is a food allergy?

A

An abnormal reaction by the immune system to a particular food.

74
Q

What are the two stages of a food allergy reaction?

A

Sensitization and subsequent allergic reaction.

75
Q

What are common symptoms of food allergies?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, hives, asthma.

76
Q

True or False: Food allergy anaphylactic reactions can be life-threatening.

A

True.

77
Q

What are the ‘big eight’ allergens? remember to group them in twos

A

Milk, eggs,
fish, shellfish,
tree nuts, peanuts,
wheat, and soy.

78
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that results in malabsorption of nutrients from the small intestine from gluten.

79
Q

What are common signs of celiac disease?

A

Chronic diarrhea, abdominal bloating, and weight loss.

These symptoms occur due to malabsorption of nutrients.

80
Q

How is celiac disease diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis usually involves intestinal biopsies.

Biopsies help assess damage to the intestinal lining.

81
Q

What is nutrigenetics?

A

How a person’s genetic makeup affects the way their body responds to food.

This includes variations in metabolism and nutrient absorption.

82
Q

What is nutrigenomics?

A

How nutrients and other food components can affect a person’s genetic expression (protein synthesis).

Nutrition & Diet (10 decks)

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