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PSYC 333 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Arnett’s 5 characteristics of emerging adulthood?

A

-identity exploration: career choices & intimate relationships
-instability: change jobs, relationships & residences
-self-focus: realize they can do what they want with their life
-feeling in-between: not as dependent as before, but still financially dependent
-possibilities: optimism; become independent and choose the direction of their life

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2
Q

What is the modern transition to adulthood like?

A

-transition takes longer
-significant milestones are achieved later
-diversity in order and timing of transitions
-pathways are less clearly defined

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3
Q

What are the cultural variations in emerging adulthood?

A

-emerging adulthood is longest and most leisurely in Europe
-most Europeans & Asians enter marriage & parenthood around age 30
-36% of Black and Hispanic early adults lived at home compared to 30% of Whites

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4
Q

What are the living arrangements during this period?

A

-in 2014, 18-34 years old were more likely to be living with their parents than a spouse
-young women are more likely living with a spouse (35%) than their parents (29%)
-lack of employment/lower wages contributed to males residing more with parents

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5
Q

What is the health paradox in early adulthood?

A

-peak physical health: strength; energy; agility; recovery
-health risk behaviours: poor eating habits; substance abuse; unprotected sex; mental health problems

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6
Q

What are the rates of obesity?

A

-in 2014, 10.8% of men and 14.9% of women were obese globally
-more obese individuals in China & USA than any other country
-obesity results from complex interactions between multiple genes and environment

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7
Q

What is the Sexual Response Cycle?

A

-a model that describes the physiological responses that take place during sexual activity

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8
Q

What are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle?

A

-excitement phase: intrinsic (inner) motivation to pursue sex arises
-plateau phase: sexual excitement, increased hr & circulation sets stage for orgasm
-orgasm: release of tension
-resolution period: unaroused state before the cycle begins again

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9
Q

How are areas of the brain involved in sex?

A

-cerebral cortex is believed to be the origin of sexual thoughts/fantasies
-hypothalamus is the most important part of brain for sexual functioning (destruction of the area causes complete elimination of sexual behaviour)

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10
Q

Which hormones are linked to sex?

A

-oxytocin
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-vasopressin
-estrogen
-progesterone

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11
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

-released during sexual intercourse when an orgasm is achieved
-“hormone of love”

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12
Q

What does FSH do?

A

-responsible for ovulation in females by triggering egg maturity; it also stimulates sperm production in males.

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13
Q

What does LH do?

A

-triggers the release of a mature egg in females during the process of ovulation

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14
Q

What does vadopressin do?

A

-involved in the male arousal phase

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15
Q

What do estrogen and progesterone do?

A

-regulate motivation to engage in sexual behaviour for females, with estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it

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16
Q

How is differential maturity affected in emerging adulthood?

A

-the gap between development of the limbic system (gas) and the prefrontal areas (brakes) narrows during emerging adulthood

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17
Q

What is post-formal thought?

A

-experience is incorporated into thought and reasoning:
–more pragmatic and less idealistic
–less influenced by social context

18
Q

What is dialecctical thought?

A

-ability to bring together salient aspects of two opposing viewpoints
-opposite of teens who think in dichotomies (true or false; good or bad)

19
Q

What is information processing like in early adulthood?

A

-efficient and integrated system
-peak processing speed
-improved regulation of thought
-incorporation of experience into thought

20
Q

Are emerging adults pursuing higher education?

A

-rates of emerging and young adults pursuing higher education is steadily increasing
-meaning that consolidation of post-formal thought is being influenced by post-secondary learning

21
Q

What is the transition to work like?

A

-420,300 post-secondary graduates in 2015
-40% pursued more education after graduation
-90% employed 3 years after graduation
-higher education = higher salary

22
Q

What are the career development stages?

A
  1. selecting glamorous/exciting careers as kids
  2. teens consider abilities and limitations to narrow choices
  3. older teens/emerging adults further narrow their choices by considering requirements, rewards, downsides, interests
  4. by mid-late 30s, many settle into their careers
23
Q

What are NEET youths in Canada?

A

-youth Not in Employment, Education, or Training (high school education or less)
-less likely to report positive health & life satisfaction
-more likely to report mood or anxiety disorders
-more common in young women, least likely among Asians

24
Q

What is occupational sexism?

A

-discriminatory practices, statements, or actions, based on a person’s sex, that occur in the workplace
-in 2015, women were only paid 78 cents for every dollar a man earns

25
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage for emerging adulthood?

A

-resolution of identity vs role confusion occurs in adulthood (positive identity resolution prepares for next stage)
-intimacy vs isolation (19-40 years old): focuses on establishing intimate relationships or risking social isolation

26
Q

How is self-esteem affected in the transition to young adulthood?

A

-adolescent thinking left behind
-identity is consolidated
-self-esteem increases

27
Q

What does childhood temperament indicate in adulthood?

A

-children identified as easy grew up to become well-adjusted adults, while those who exhibited a difficult temperament were not as well-adjusted as adults
-shyness in infancy was linked to social anxiety in adulthood
-genes appear to be the major reason why temperament remains stable into adulthood

28
Q

What is the Big 5 Model of personality?

A
  1. Openness to Experience (curiosity and appreciation of multiple experiences)
  2. Conscientiousness (self-discipline, sense of duty)
  3. Extraversion (stimulated in the company of others)
  4. Agreeableness (compassionate, cooperative, social harmony)
  5. Neuroticism (emotionally unstable/negative emotions)
29
Q

What is the variability of Big 5 personality traits in adulthood?

A

-emerging and young adulthood: variability in Big 5 personality traits; identity consolidation unfolds
-middle adulthood: interact with the world as adults; personality becomes stable

30
Q

What are the roles adults are navigating?

A

-seeking romance and friendships
-establishing equal relationships with family
-becoming parents
-contributing to community

31
Q

What is attachment like in adulthood?

A

-transfer from parental relationships to romantic partners
-attachment anxiety: extent to which an adult worries about whether their partner really loves them
-attachment avoidance: whether an adult can open up to others, and whether they trust and feel they can depend on others

32
Q

What are the 3 components of attraction?

A

-consensual validation: feel validated when others like & believe the same things as us
-self-disclosure: communicate frequently without fear of reprisal
-mere exposure: tendency to prefer stimuli (including people) that we have seen more frequently

33
Q

What are the components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love?

A

-consummate love: intimacy, passion and commitment
-liking: intimacy
-infatuation: passion
-fatuous love: passion and commitment
-empty love: commitment
-romantic love: intimacy and passion
-companionate love: intimacy and commitment

34
Q

What are the characteristics of the 4 attachment styles?

A

-secure: low anxiety and avoidance (trust partner)
-dismissing: low anxiety, high avoidance (don’t trust others)
-preoccupied: low avoidance, high anxiety (jealousy)
-fearful-avoidant: high avoidance and anxiety (trust issues with others)

35
Q

How does attachment affect relationships?

A

-secure people are more likely to end up with secure partners
-if one person in a relationship experienced a change in security, partner is likely to have change in same direction
-secure adults more likely to describe early childhood experiences with parents as supportive, loving, and kind

36
Q

What are the risks of casual hookups in early adulthood?

A

-risks of sexual behaviour higher for women: unplanned pregnancy, increased stds, risk of sexual violence
-those having non-monogamous sex, more likely to have used marijuana, cocaine, alcohol (increases risks)
-hookups lower self-esteem, increase guilt, and foster feelings of using someone/feeling used

37
Q

What are the cohabitation patterns like?

A

-for adults (25-34), cohabitation increased, marriage declined
-40% of cohabitations transitioned into marriage within 3 years
-32% were still cohabitating

38
Q

How does intimate partner violence affect young adults?

A

-women aged 18-34 experience the highest rates of intimate partner violence (1 in 5, compared to 1 in 7 men)
-victims of violence experience more headaches, chronic pain, sleep difficulties, poor physical and mental health

39
Q

What are the 2 components of intimate partner violence?

A

-situational couple violence: violence results from escalated heated conflict
-intimate terrorism: 1 partner consistently uses fear/violence to dominate the other

40
Q

When does parenthood begin and how many kids?

A

-average fertility rate of women was about 7 children, for the past decades its been 2.1 children
-average age for first child is close to 30 (more women have babies in 30s rather than 20s)

41
Q

What are the characteristics that affect parenting types?

A

-parent characteristics: personality; developmental history; mental health; beliefs; knowledge; gender; age
-child characteristics: temperament; gender; skills; behaviour; age; health
-contextual characteristics: social network; work setting; neighbourhood; school; culture

42
Q

What is the difference between childfree and childless?

A

-choice of being childfree: ethical & environmental reasons; lack of interest in being parents; seek other ways to contribute to society
-circumstances being childless: due to infertility; due to not finding a mate earlier in life

PSYC 333 (7 decks)

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